GPX-150 is an anthracycline compound that is being tested for treatment in patients with soft-tissue sarcomas. This doxorubicin (DOX) analog does not show the cumulative dose-dependent cardiotoxicity of DOX. It works by reducing the formation of reactive oxygen species and the cardiotoxic metabolite, doxorubiciniol, the two pathways that are linked to the irreversible cardiotoxicity seen with DOX. Phase 1 clinical trials showed no irreversible, cumulative dose-dependent cardiotoxicity. A phase 2 study investigating the safety and efficacy of GPX-150 in patients with soft tissue sarcoma has been completed. No patients developed any evidence of irreversible, cumulative dose-dependent chronic cardiotoxicity. Toxicities reported include grade 3 anemia, neutropenia, and grade 4 leukopenia.

Exherin is a small, cyclic pentapeptide vascular-targeting agent with potential antineoplastic and antiangiogenic activities. ADH-1 selectively and competitively binds to and blocks N-cadherin, which may result in disruption of tumor vasculature, inhibition of tumor cell growth, and the induction of tumor cell and endothelial cell apoptosis. In murine melanoma xenografts, ADH-1 in combination with melphalan significantly reduced tumor growth up to 30-fold over melphalan alone. ADH-1 enhancement of response to melphalan was associated with increased formation of DNA adducts, increased apoptosis, and intracellular signaling changes. In a pilot study (phase I trial), ADH-1 intravenous pretreatment before chemotherapy in metastatic melanoma completely destroyed tumors in half of patients

GW 274150 was developed by GlaxoSmithKline as a selective inhibitor of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS; also known as NOS2). Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) is an important chemical involved in the production of NO. Reduction of NOS, and therefore NO, may be an effective technique for the treatment of migraine headache. GW 274150 offered the potential of anti-inflammatory activity in migraine through a novel mechanism of action. The drug has completed phase II of the clinical trials for patients with rheumatoid arthritis and migraine disorders. In addition, GW 274150 was involved in phase I clinical trial for patients with mild asthma. However, all these studied were discontinued.

EC17 (also known as Folate-FITC) is conjugate consisting of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) conjugated with folate with potential antineoplastic activity. EC17 binds to folate receptors, which are overexpressed on the surfaces of many cancer cells including kidney and ovarian cancer cells. Once bound to the cancer cell through the folate moiety of the conjugate, circulating anti-fluorescein antibodies recognize and bind to the FITC moiety, resulting in antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. EC17 is participating in phase II clinical trials for the treatment of patients with endometrial cancer, endometriosis, lung cancer, renal cell carcinoma. In January 2018, On Target Laboratories initiated a phase III trial to evaluate the safety and efficacy of EC17 injection for patients with ovarian cancer.

LX-1031, being developed by Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, is an oral, small-molecule tryptophan 5-hydroxylase (TPH) inhibitor that reduces 5-HT synthesis peripherally. LX-1031 is being developed for the potential treatment of diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D), which is characterized by excess 5-HT. In preclinical studies, LX-1031 dose-dependently reduced expression of 5-HT in the duodenum, jejunum and ileum, but had no effect on brain 5-HT levels. It was in Phase 2 clinical trial, but later development of LX-1031 was discontinued.

PX-478 is a highly potent and selective Hypoxia-inducible Factor-1α (HIF-1α) inhibitor. It lowers HIF-1α protein levels and HIF-1 transactivation in hypoxia and in normoxia in a variety of cancer cell lines, but has a more pronounced effect on translation of proteins, such as HIF-1α in hypoxia. PX-478 also enhances the radiosensitivity of prostate carcinoma PC3 cells. Its inhibition is independent of the tumor suppressor genes VHL and p53, and may be related to derangements in glucose uptake and metabolism due to inhibition of glucose transporter-1 (Glut-1). PX-478 has excellent activity against established human tumor xenografts, inducing tumor regressions with prolonged growth delays which correlate positively with HIF-1 levels. In high-fat-diet mice, PX-478 causes reduced fibrosis and fewer inflammatory infiltrates in their adipose tissues. PX-478 had been in phase I clinical trials by for the treatment of lymphoma and solid tumors. However, this research has been discontinued.

Cindunistat hydrochloride maleate (SD-6010) is an orally-administered, selective, time-dependent and irreversible inhibitor of human iNOS (hiNOS). In vivo studies using the canine anterior cruciate ligament-transection model have demonstrated that cindunistat improves synovial fluid nitrite and nitrotyrosine biomarkers, osteophyte formation and cartilage lesions. Cindunistat has also been shown to improve pain behaviour in rodent models of inflammatory and neuropathic pain. Based on its potential to inhibit NO production and an early clinical development programme, the disease-modifying efficacy and safety profile of cindunistat was studied in a 2-year proof-of-concept clinical trial of patients with knee OA. Cindunistat (50 or 200 mg/day) did not slow the rate of joint space narrowing versus placebo. After 48-weeks, KLG2 patients showed less joint space narrowing; however, the improvement was not sustained at 96-weeks. iNOS inhibition did not slow OA progression in KLG3 patients.

CNDAC (TAK-109) is an analog of the nucleoside deoxycytidine with potential antineoplastic activity. CNDAC is incorporated into DNA and induces single-strand breaks, which are converted into double-strand breaks (DSBs) when cells go through a second S phase. This results in the cell cycle arrest in the S and G2/M phases, DNA fragmentation, and tumor cell apoptosis. Sapacitabine, a prodrug of CNDAC, is being developed by the US biotechnology company Cyclacel for the treatment of hemalogical cancers and solid tumors.

Vedroprevir, or GS-9451, is a potent inhibitor of the HCV NS3 protease (Box 1). NS3 is a serine protease that cleaves the HCV polyprotein and helps generate the viral replication complex. Through binding NS3, vedroprevir halts the assembly of the viral replication complex, thus interfering with the assembly and release of viral particles. Vedroprevir is a potent inhibitor of NS3 protease with high selectivity against off-target proteases. It has rapid association kinetics and slow dissociation kinetics. Preclinical studies of vedroprevir showed high oral bioavailability in rats, dogs, and monkeys. Preclinical studies of vedroprevir demonstrated potent NS3 inhibition using laboratory strains as well as patient-derived NS3 protease gene isolates. In a phase I, randomized trial of vedroprevir monotherapy, doses of 200 and 400 mg/day yielded median maximal HCV RNA reductions of −3.2 log10 in genotype 1a patients and −3.5 log10 in genotype 1b patients. Significantly less activity was seen against genotype 2a HCV when compared to genotype 1. Vedroprevir was not listed on the Gilead Sciences pipeline in its 2014 annual report and appears to have been discontinued for the once-daily treatment of Hepatitis C.

The labeled 4-IODOPHENYLALANINE I-131 is used for proteomics research. It’s also can be used for the chemoselective modification of proteins.