Cotinine is a product formed after the chemical nicotine enters the body. Measuring cotinine in people’s blood is the most reliable way to determine exposure to nicotine for both smokers and nonsmokers exposed to environmental tobacco smoke. Cotinine is safe, non-addictive and has pharmacokinetic properties adequate for therapeutic use. Research has shown that cotinine has antipsychotic, anxiolytic, and antidepressant properties and modulates the serotonergic, cholinergic and dopaminergic systems. Cotinine behaves as a positive allosteric modulator of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and has anti-inflammatory effects. Cotinine is under investigation as an agent for the treatment of depression, PTSD, schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.

Pitofenone is a spasmolytic agent. It exerts anticholinesterase and antimuscarinic activities. Pitofenone is used to relieve pain and spasms of smooth muscles. Pitofenone is also used for the treatment of back pain, sprains, and strains. Pitofenone is used in combination along with fenpiverinium bromide, and metamizole sodium. The drug is currently sold in Eastern Europe and India under various trade names. The combined preparation possesses strong analgesic, spasmolytic, cholinolytic and anti-inflammatory effects on the smooth muscles predominantly of the gastrointestinal and urogenital tract. Indications are strong pain in gastric or intestinal colic, kidney and gallstones, and for painful menstruation. Pitofenone hydrochloride present in the combination exerts papaverin-like spasmolytic effect on the vascular and extra-vascular smooth muscles of the stomach, intestines, urinary tract, biliary tract, and uterus.

Fluocortolone is a topical corticosteroid (class of steroid hormones formed in the adrenal gland). Is primary indicated in condition like, Ana fissure, Dermatosis haemorrhoids, proctitis. The signs and symptoms that are produced after the acute overdosage include convulsions, respiratory arrest, allergic skin reactions. Glucocorticoids, such as fluocortolone, act through nuclear hormone receptors Schaaf and Cidlowski (2002). The two members of this family are glucocorticoid receptor (GR) type I and GR type I I. Activation of these sites alters gene expression of endogenous agents that influence immune and inflammatory responses.

Bamidipine is an antihypertensive drug belonging to the dihydropyridine (DHP) group of calcium antagonists. The product was originally developed by Yamanouchi Pharmaceutical (Tokyo, Japan) and is currently marketed in Japan under the trade name of Hypoca (Astellas Pharma Inc, Tokyo, Japan). It is available in a modified-release formulation which has a gradual onset of action and is effective in a single daily oral dose of 10 to 20 mg. Bamidipine has selective action against cardiovascular calcium antagonist receptors and its antihypertensive action is related to the reduction of peripheral vascular resistance secondary to its vasodilatory action. The clinical antihypertensive efficacy of barnidipine is similar to that of other DHP calcium antagonists such as nitrendipine and amlodipine, and antihypertensives belonging to other drug classes such as atenolol and enalapril. Barnidipine has been found to be as efficacious and well tolerated as hydrochlorothiazide in the management of hypertension in elderly patients. Barnidipine is generally well tolerated. As with other DHP calcium antagonists, vasodilator adverse events such as headache, flushing and peripheral oedema account for most of the adverse events reported with its use and are usually transient. Oedema is less frequent than with amlodipine and nitrendipine. Its use is not associated with reflex tachycardia.

Itopride is a dopamine D2 receptor antagonist and inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase. It is indicated in the for the treatment of gastrointestinal symptoms caused by reduced gastrointestinal motility, such as functional non-ulcer dyspepsia (chronic gastritis), gastric fullness, rapid satiation, pain or discomfort in the upper abdomen, anorexia, heartburn, nausea, and vomiting. The drug is not approved in the USA or UK but is available in Japan and Western European countries.

Tiemonium (often used in a form of iodide or methylsulphate salt) is a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist, which is available in Asia (mainly Bangladesh) for the alleviation of muscle spasms of the intestine, biliary system, uterus and urinary bladder in gastrointestinal, biliary, urinary and gynecological diseases.

Lenapenem is an anti-bacterial agent that was tested in late 90's in phase II clinical trials against bacterial infections. Lenapenem was shown to be active against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and exerted its therapeutic effect by inhibiting penicillin binding proteins. The development of the drug was terminated due to the safety reason.

Minaprine, a psychotropic drug, which was effective in the treatment of various depressive states. This drug was withdrawn because of the serious side effect. It was found, that minaprine inhibited the following enzymes, acetylcholinesterase and monoamine oxidase (MOA) A. It also binds to dopamine D1 and D2 receptors. Experiments on rodents also have revealed that minaprine suppressed the inhibitory effect of hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) on dopamine (DA) release via the inhibition of 5-HT binding at the 5-HT2 receptor on the nerve terminal.

Nimustine is one of nitrosoureas used in the treatment of cancer. Nimustine alkylates and crosslinks DNA, thereby causing DNA fragmentation, inhibition of protein synthesis, and cell death. It is used in the treatment of brain tumor (in particular, high-grade gliomas), gastrointestinal cancers (stomach cancer, liver cancer, colorectal cancer), lung cancer, malignant lymphoma, chronic leukemia. Nimustine side effects are: leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, hypoproteinemia, anemia, Increased bleeding, proteinuria, interstitial pneumonia, anorexia, stomatitis, nausea, vomiting, general weakness, fever, headache, dizziness, seizures, alopecia, allergic reactions (rash).

Bufuralol is a non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic blocker with high intrinsic sympathomimetic activity. It has affinity for both β1 and β2-adrenergic receptors. It acts as a potent β-adrenoceptor antagonist with partial agonist activity. Bufuralol is primarily metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoform CYP2D6, with CYP1A2 and CYP2C19. Activity of bufuralol has been shown to yield antianginal and antihypertensive effects. It appears to have a higher incidence of adverse eflects than with other beta blockers. Bufuralol has been in phase III clinical trials for the treatment of hypertension. However, this research has been discontinued.