Fipronil is a member of the phenyl pyrazole class of pesticides, which are principally chemicals with a herbicidal effect. Fipronil, however, acts as an insecticide with contact and stomach action. Fipronil is an extremely active molecule and is a potent disruptor of the insect central nervous system via the (-aminobutyric acid (GABA) regulated chloride channel. Fipronil is classed as a WHO Class II moderately hazardous pesticide. Cutaneous skin reactions appear to be the most common adverse drug experiences reported for fipronil in dogs and cats.Animals exposed to large doses of fipronil via accidental oral absorption are expected to display seizures, and neurological and hepatic function should be monitored. There appear to be no reported interactions between fipronil and approved companion animal drugs and ectoparasiticides.

Stannous pyrophosphate is a solid, fine crystalline product that is soluble in most acids. It has applications in the dental industry, especially inhibition of tooth plaque. It takes part in the stannous-pyrophosphate and technetium-stannouspyrophosphate complexes formation. This is diagnostic imaging agent for in-vivo labelling of red blood cells (RBCs) with 99mTc and areas of altered osteogenesis. It is a skeletal imaging agent used to demonstrate areas of altered osteogenesis, and a cardiac imaging agent used as an adjunct in the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction.

Dimethyl phthalate, an organic compound, is used as repellents. This compound is a pollutant that is very harmful to organisms due to its mutagenicity, teratogenicity and carcinogenicity. It was discovered, that dimethyl phthalate could alter the biological function of the one of the most important bacteria in the environment, P. fluorescens.

Arclofenin was appointed as a suitable agent for hepatobiliary function studies

Famphur is an insecticide and antihelmenthic. Famphur is approved in cattle as a pour-on (NADA 34-697; 21 CFR 524.900) and as medicated feed (NADA 34-266; 21 CFR 558.254). It is a component of the FDA-approved TRAMISOL X-TRA Combination Paste, used for the treatment of cattle infected with the following parasites: Stomach worms (Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Ostertagia), intestinal worms (Trichostrongylus, Cooperia, Nematodirus, Bunostomum, Oesophagostomum), lungworms (Dictyocaulus), cattle grubs (Hypoderma), biting lice (Bovicola), and sucking lice (Linognathus, Solenoptes). Famphur is a cholinesterase-inhibiting drug.

Fenthion (trade names include Baytex™, Baycid™, and Tiguvon™, used on livestock) was first registered domestically in 1965 by the Mobay Corp., a U.S. subsidiary of Bayer AG of West Germany. Fenthion is a contact and stomach insecticide used against many sucking, biting pests, especially fruit flies, stem borers, mosquitoes, and Eurygaster cereal bugs. In mosquitoes, it is toxic to both the adult and immature forms (larvae). Once used extensively in the U.S. for controlling intestinal worms, fenthion no longer has FDA approval due to an excess number of poisoning deaths. Like most other organophosphates, its mode of action is via cholinesterase inhibition. It was used mostly for the control of grubs and lice in beef and nonlactating cattle.

Iocarmic acid is a molecule used in seventies as a contrast media for myelography. Iocarmate meglumine (Dimer-X), a water-soluble salt of iocarmic acid was reported to be safe and best tolerated by central nervous system compared to metrizamide in a double-blind test in patients with symptoms of lumbar and sacral root involvement. In the experimental and clinical studies of Dimer-X used for ventriculography the apparent superiority of Dimer-X over Conray 60 and Angiografin as far as side effects were concerned was demonstrated, but there were no particular differences in the intensities of the ventriculograms obtained. Morphological studies of the ventricles and histological examinations of the ventricular walls 1 month after injections of Dimer-X into the ventricles of dogs showed no abnormalities. In the clinical studies, ventriculography Dimer-X, performed on patients with diseases of the central nervous system, produced ventriculograms of good diagnostic value with no side effects, such as convulsions, apart from mild headache or vomiting in 4 instances. Ventriculography with Dimer-X was carried in 15 infants with myelomeningocele and progressive hydrocephalus. However, as was shown in a number of studies iocarmate produced moderate to severe arachnoiditis from myelography in primates. Early meningitis side effects following lumbar radiculography with iocarmate meglumine were demonstrated.

Coumaphos is an organophosphate insecticide used against ectoparasites. It was approved by FDA for the control of gastrointestinal roundworms in cattle (Purina brand name). It was also used in medicated feed against internal parasites (Ascaidia galli, Capilleria obsignata and Heterakis gallinarum) in layer chickens (Meldane brand name). However, coumaphos is highly toxic to birds. Sever acute toxicity and eventual death were caused in hens after they were given oral doses of 10mg/kg for 1-8 days.The oral LD50 for coumaphos is 3mg/kg in wildbirds, 29.4mg/kg in mallard ducks, 7.94mg/kg in pheasants and 14mg/kg in chicken. Due to its toxicity, coumaphos is no longer available as a drug.

Oftasceine is a fluorescent dye or luminescent agent. It was recommended for the use as an effective agent for the blood-retinal barrier integrity studies. It was used to detect drug interactions with multidrug resistance proteins because it is an effective substrate of the multidrug resistance transporter 1P-glycoprotein and the multidrug resistance-related protein. The Oftasceine assay can be used as a quantitative, standardized, inexpensive screening test in a routine clinical laboratory setting. The assay detects both P-glycoprotein and multidrug resistance-associated protein activities, and identifies acute myeloid leukaemia patients with unfavorable therapy responses. It is used in ophthalmic solutions as a staining agent when fitting hydrogel contact lens. The use of a fluorexon dye-impregnated strip (pre-wetted with preservative-free saline) yielded comparable results with a fluorescein strip for assessments of tear film stability based on tear film break-up time.

Verteporfin (trade name Visudyne), a benzoporphyrin derivative, is a medication used for the treatment of patients with predominantly classic subfoveal choroidal neovascularization due to age-related macular degeneration, pathologic myopia or presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome. Verteporfin can also be used to destroy tumors. Verteporfin is a 1:1 mixture of two regioisomers (I and II), VISUDYNE therapy is a two-stage process requiring administration of both verteporfin for injection and nonthermal red light. Verteporfin accumulates in these abnormal blood vessels and, when stimulated by nonthermal red light with a wavelength of 689 nm in the presence of oxygen, produces highly reactive short-lived singlet oxygen and other reactive oxygen radicals, resulting in local damage to the endothelium and blockage of the vessels. Verteporfin is also used off-label for the treatment of central serous retinopathy. Verteporfin is given intravenously, 15 minutes before laser treatment. Light activation of verteporfin results in local damage to neovascular endothelium, resulting in vessel occlusion. Damaged endothelium is known to release procoagulant and vasoactive factors through the lipo-oxygenase (leukotriene) and cyclo-oxygenase (eicosanoids such as thromboxane) pathways, resulting in platelet aggregation, fibrin clot formation and vasoconstriction. Verteporfin appears to somewhat preferentially accumulate in neovasculature, including choroidal neovasculature. However, animal models indicate that the drug is also present in the retina. Therefore, there may be collateral damage to retinal structures following photoactivation including the retinal pigmented epithelium and outer nuclear layer of the retina. The temporary occlusion of choroidal neovascularization (CNV) following VISUDYNE therapy has been confirmed in humans by fluorescein angiography.