Fursultiamine, also known as thiamine tetrahydrofurfuryl disulfide (TTFD) is an oral FDA- approved thiamine derivative for treating vitamin B1 deficiency and is very rapidly metabolized into thiamine. Fursultiamine possesses a mild beneficial effect in patients with Alzheimer's disease. The improvement could be observed not only in their emotional or other mental symptoms but also in intellectual function. Only mildly impaired subjects showed cognitive improvement. In addition was shown, that fursultiamine have a beneficial clinical effect on some autistic children. Some relatively recent experiments have revealed that fursultiamine was a unique antagonist of hepcidin in vitro that could serve as a template for the development of drug candidates that inhibit the hepcidin-ferroportin interaction. This inhibition is a key for the treatment of anemia of inflammation (AI), a common in patients with infection, autoimmune diseases, cancer, and chronic kidney disease.

Cocarboxylase is the coenzyme form of Vitamin B1 present in many animal tissues. Thiamine pyrophosphate (cocarboxylase) is the active form of thiamine, and it serves as a cofactor for several enzymes involved primarily in carbohydrate catabolism. Pancreatic cells obtain thiamin from their surroundings and enzymatically convert it into thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP) in the cytoplasm; TPP is then taken up by mitochondria via a specific carrier the mitochondrial TPP transporter (MTPPT; product of the SLC25A19 gene).

Amprolium Hydrochloride is a broad spectrum, potent coccidiostat (anti-protozoal) used for the treatment and prevention of Coccidiosis in cattle, goats, sheep, and poultry (chicken and turkey) in veterinary. Amprolium probably acts by inhibiting thiamine uptake by parasites and thus creates disorders in the metabolism of parasites.

Thiamine Disulfide Nitrate is a vitamin B1 derivative. It is used as a component of vitamin complexes for the treatment of neurological and other disorders

Thiamine disulfide is a vitamin B1 derivative. It is used as a component of vitamin complexes for the treatment of neurological and other disorders associated with disturbance of metabolic functions influenced by B-complex vitamins, including diabetic polyneuropathy, alcoholic peripheral neuritis and post-influenzal neuropathies, for the treatment of neuritis and neuralgia of the spinal nerves, especially facial paresis, cervical syndrome, low back pain, and ischialgia. It has being shown to be a potent inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus (type-1) production, suggesting that thiamine disulfide may be important for AIDS chemotherapy.

Sulbutiamine (isobutyryl thiamine disulfide) is a lipophilic derivative of thiamine. It is available over-the-counter in several countries either as a component of nutritional supplements or as a pharmaceutical preparation. Arcalion (Sulbutiamine) is prescribed as a treatment to help patients with a range of conditions such as asthenia, chronic fatigue, diabetes, hypothyroidism, renal disease, fibromyalgia, and depression (post partum). It remedies the symptoms of weakness by increasing focus, strength (both physical and mental), and energy, making you more alert, less lethargic, and more upbeat whilst also helping to stabilize sleeping patterns. In addition, this medication can also help a patient`s memory, and strengthen thinking processes. Some patient`s have even reported slight eyesight improvements. This product is also popular with athletes as a nutritional supplement as it is a vitamin compound which will not show up in competitive sports blood testing. It can help to achieve your maximum potential and replenish energy after strenuous activities, making it possible to maintain your edge. The presence of sulbutiamine in urinary doping control samples was monitored to evaluate the relevance of its use in sports. The motivating, confidence enhancing effects of sulbutiamine are thought to be related to its ability to enhance dopamine sensitivity. In animal models sulbutiamine has been shown to increase the number of dopamine binding sites (specifically D1) in the prefrontal cortex, this effect is achieved through reduction of dopamine release. Sulbutiamine could be best thought of as a dopamine modulator rather than a compound that directly inhibits or enhances the release of dopamine. Additionally sulbutiamine has been found to enhance memory, possibly by cholinergic transmission. Research indicates that high affinity choline uptake (HACU) was moderately increased in rodent brains following sulbutiamine consumption. However it should be noted the doses used were high (300 mg/kg).