U.S. Department of Health & Human Services Divider Arrow National Institutes of Health Divider Arrow NCATS

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Showing 21 - 30 of 10251 results

Ripretinib (DCC-2618) is an investigational, orally available switch control kinase inhibitor being developed for the treatment of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST), advanced systemic mastocytosis (ASM), gliomas, and other solid tumors driven by tyrosine-protein kinase KIT (KIT) or platelet-derived growth factor alpha (PDGFRα) kinase. Ripretinib acts by forcing the activation loop (or activation "switch") of kinases into an inactive conformation and is a type II kinase inhibitor demonstrated to broadly inhibit activation loop mutations in KIT and PDGFRA, previously thought only achievable with type I inhibitor. Ripretinib is developed by the company Deciphera and is being investigated in phase 3 clinical trials for the treatment of GIST, ASM and other tumors.
Flortaucipir (18F-AV-1451, also known as 18F-T807) is a highly selective positron emission tomography (PET) imaging agent targeting paired helical filament (PHF)-tau in the brain. This tracer is studying for clinical assessment in patients with various tauopathies, including Alzheimer's disease, as well as in healthy subjects.
Tazemetostat (EPZ-6438) is a selective inhibitor of histone-lysine N-methyltransferase EZH2. The drug is under clinical development (phase II) for the treatment of Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma, Malignant Mesothelioma and Synovial Sarcoma.
Artenimol (dihydroartemisinin) is a derivate of antimalarial compound artemisinin. Artenimol (dihydroartemisinin) is able to reach high concentrations within the parasitized erythrocytes. Its endoperoxide bridge is thought to be essential for its antimalarial activity, causing free-radical damage to parasite membrane systems including: • Inhibition of falciparum sarcoplasmic-endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase, • Interference with mitochondrial electron transport • Interference with parasite transport proteins • Disruption of parasite mitochondrial function. Dihydroartemisinin in combination with piperaquine tetraphosphate (Eurartesim, EMA-approved in 2011) is indicated for the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria. The formulation meets WHO recommendations, which advise combination treatment for Plasmodium falciparum malaria to reduce the risk of resistance development, with artemisinin-based preparations regarded as the ‘policy standard’. However, experimental testing demonstrates that, due to its intrinsic chemical instability, dihydroartemisinin is not suitable to be used in pharmaceutical formulations. In addition, data show that the currently available dihydroartemisinin preparations fail to meet the internationally accepted stability requirements.
Nifurtimox is a nitrofuran derivative used as a primary agent in the treatment of American trypanosomiasis (Chagas' disease) caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, especially in the acute, early stage of the disease. The efficacy of nifurtimox in the treatment of chronic Chagas' disease varies from one country to another, possibly due to variation in the sensitivity of different strains of the organism. Nifurtimox has also been used to treat African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) and is active in the second stage of the disease (central nervous system involvement). When nifurtimox is given on its own, about half of all patients will relapse, but the combination of melarsoprol with nifurtimox appears to be efficacious. Nifurtimox forms a nitro-anion radical metabolite that reacts with nucleic acids of the parasite causing significant break down of DNA. Nifurtimox undergoes reduction and creates oxygen radicals such as superoxide. These radicals are toxic to T. cruzi. Mammalian cells are protected by the presence of catalase, glutathione, peroxidases, and superoxide dismutase. Accumulation of hydrogen peroxide to cytotoxic levels results in parasite death. Side effects occur following chronic administration, particularly in elderly people. Major toxicities include immediate hypersensitivities such as anaphylaxis and delayed hypersensitivity reaction involving icterus and dermatitis. Central nervous system disturbances and peripheral neuropathy may also occur.
Lonafarnib is a well-characterized, late-stage, orally active inhibitor of farnesyl transferase, an enzyme involved in modification of proteins through a process called prenylation. It is Investigated for use/treatment in Progeria, Cancer, Hepatitis D. Lonafarnib completely inhibits Rheb prenylation and phosphorylation of S6 ribosomal protein in cell culture, indicating a lack of alternative Rheb prenylation. Other groups have demonstrated that inhibition of protein synthesis via inactivation of eukaryotic elongation factor (eEF2) could be an alternate mechanism of lonafarnib induced growth inhibition that is independent of RAS/p70S6K eEF. Adverse effects included fatigue, diarrhea, dyspnea and neutropenia and respiratory insufficiency.
Lurbinectedin (PM-01183) - is a synthetic tetrahydropyrrolo [4, 3, 2-de]quinolin-8(1H)-one alkaloid analogue with potential antineoplastic activity. Lurbinectedin covalently binds to residues lying in the minor groove of DNA, which may result in delayed progression through S phase, cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase and cell death. Lurbinectedin is a novel anticancer agent currently undergoing late-stage (Phase II /III) clinical evaluation in platinum-resistant ovarian, BRCA1/2-mutated breast and small-cell lung cancer. Lurbinectedin is structurally related to trabectedin and it inhibits active transcription and the DNA repair machinery in tumour cells.

Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (ACHIRAL)



Opicapone (Ongentys®), a potent, oral, third-generation, long-acting, peripheral catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitor, is approved as the adjunctive treatment to levodopa (L-Dopa)/dopa-decarboxylase inhibitor (DDCI) therapy in adults with Parkinson's disease (PD) and end-of-dose motor fluctuations who cannot be stabilized on those combinations. Opicapone is a hydrophilic 1,2,4-oxadiazole analog with a pyridine N-oxide at position 3, with these modifications enhancing its potency and extending its duration of action, whilst avoiding cell toxicity. In preclinical animal studies, Opicapone-induced inhibition of peripheral (but not central) COMT activity was associated with a prolonged increase in systemic and central exposure to L-Dopa, with a corresponding reduction in 3-OMD exposure. Following single or multiple doses of Opicapone (5–1200 mg) in healthy adult volunteers or patients with PD, Opicapone inhibited COMT activity in ex vivo erythrocyte assays in a reversible dose-dependent manner, with the duration of Opicapone-induced COMT inhibition independent of dose. Adjunctive Opicapone was generally well tolerated during more than a year of treatment in BIPARK I and BIPARK II (double-blind plus extension phases). The recommended dosage is 50 mg once daily, which should be taken at bedtime at least 1 h before or after L-Dopa combinations.
Ozanimod (previously known as RPC-1063) is a selective immune-inflammatory modulator of the G protein-coupled receptors sphingosine 1-phosphate 1 and 5, which are part of the sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptor family. Treatment with S1P receptor modulators interferes with S1P signaling and blocks the response of lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell) to exit signals from the lymph nodes, sequestering them within the nodes. The result is a downward modulation of circulating lymphocytes and anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting cell migration to sites of inflammation. Ozanimod is currently in phase III clinical trials for the treatment of relapsing multiple sclerosis (RMS) and ulcerative colitis, and also in phase II clinical trials to determine whether it is effective in the treatment of Crohn's disease.

Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (ABSOLUTE)

Gallium edotreotide Ga-68 is a radioconjugate consisting of the octreotide derivative edotreotide labeled with gallium 68 (Ga-68). Similar to octreotide, gallium Ga 68-edotreotide binds to somatostatin receptors (SSTRs), especially type 2 receptors, present on the cell membranes of many types of neuroendocrine tumor cells and their metastases, thereby allowing for imaging of SSTR-expressing cells with positron emission tomography (PET). Gallium edotreotide Ga-68 has been authorized in the EU as SomaKit for the diagnosis of gastro-entero-pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. It was investigated in clinical trials for imaging of brain tumors, pituitary tumors and neuroendocrine tumors of various origin.