Cortisone is a hormone that is FDA approved for the treatment of primary and secondary adrenocortical deficiency, rheumatic disorders, psoriasis, exfoliative dermatitis, bronchial asthma, allergic conjunctivitis, hemolytic anemia, enteritis, tuberculosis, trichnosis. Cortisone acetate binds to the cytosolic glucocorticoid receptor. After binding the receptor, the newly formed receptor-ligand complex translocates itself into the cell nucleus, where it binds to many glucocorticoid response elements (GRE) in the promoter region of the target genes. The DNA bound receptor then interacts with basic transcription factors, causing the increase in expression of specific target genes. Common adverse reactions include convulsions, increased intracranial pressure with papilledema, vertigo, headache, psychic disturbances, hirsuitism, glaucoma, exophthalmos. Aminoglutethimide may lead to a loss of corticosteroid-induced adrenal suppression. Co-administration of corticosteroids and warfarin usually results in inhibition of response to warfarin, although there have been some conflicting reports. Cortisone is a natural steroid hormone. Its sulfate analog has been detected in in umbilical vein blood fetus plasma between 19 and 32 weeks of gestation with a significant increase at 29-30 weeks and in amniotic fluid. Base on the experiments with rats it was suggested that cortisone sulfate in mammals could be hydrolyzed enzymatically liberating sulfate ions from cortisone. Cortisone sulfate has been proposed for use as one of the glycosaminoglycan compound materials in a cartilage prosthesis and biological nasal bridge implant manufacture as well as auxiliary agent in powder aerosol composition for use in baby powder, dry shampoo, water-eczema remedy and antiperspirant.

Procaine is an anesthetic agent indicated for production of local or regional anesthesia, particularly for oral surgery. Procaine (like cocaine) has the advantage of constricting blood vessels which reduces bleeding, unlike other local anesthetics like lidocaine. Procaine is an ester anesthetic. It is metabolized in the plasma by the enzyme pseudocholinesterase through hydrolysis into para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), which is then excreted by the kidneys into the urine. Procaine acts mainly by inhibiting sodium influx through voltage gated sodium channels in the neuronal cell membrane of peripheral nerves. When the influx of sodium is interrupted, an action potential cannot arise and signal conduction is thus inhibited. The receptor site is thought to be located at the cytoplasmic (inner) portion of the sodium channel. Procaine has also been shown to bind or antagonize the function of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors as well as nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and the serotonin receptor-ion channel complex.

Butyric acid (butanoic acid) belongs to a group of short-chain fatty acids and is thought to play several beneficial roles in the gastrointestinal tract. The butyric anion is easily absorbed by enteric cells and used as a main source of energy. Moreover, butyric acid is an important regulator of colonocyte proliferation and apoptosis, gastrointestinal tract motility and bacterial microflora composition in addition to its involvement in many other processes including immunoregulation and anti-inflammatory activity. Butyric acid shows a protective effect in inflammatory response secondary to inflammatory bowel diseases. A beneficial effect of butyric acid as one constituent of a multifaceted mechanism modulating gastrointestinal function has also been stressed in patients with the stoma and coexisting constipation. Butyric acid supplementation combined with the use of probiotics should be adopted as one of the basic therapeutic strategies in this patient group, preceding treatment with laxatives. Sodium butyrate in the form of enemas (combined in a mixture with A-300 silicon dioxide) may be a successful method of therapeutic management in patients with radiation proctitis. Sodium butyrate may also prevent diarrhea through an increased passive absorption of water in the colon and its effects on the gut microflora.

Desmeninol is a methionine hydroxyl analog. It is used as a feed additive for livestock, especially poultry to provide an essential amino acid necessary for the nutritional well being of farm raised animals. Desmeninol (ALIMET) has 88% methionine activity and is 100 percent absorbed by the animal. The benefits of ALIMET go beyond it being a methionine source, including: Antioxidant effect in the feed; Maintained performance during heat stress; Energy savings in the feed mill; Increased feed intake.

Beta-Hydroxyisovaleric acid (also known as 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid or 3HIA) is a normal human metabolite excreted in the urine. It is a byproduct of the leucine degradation pathway. Beta-Hydroxyisovaleric acid serves as a sensitive indicator of marginal biotin deficiency in humans. The variability of the proportion of leucine catabolites excreted as 3HIA suggests substantial population heterogeneity in the metabolic capacity of the 3HIA-carnitine detoxification pathway. In addition, was shown that in type II diabetic patients the catabolism of leucine was accelerated even in the absence of ketosis and that the urinary beta-hydroxyisovaleric acid concentration was a useful marker of short-term metabolic control in these patients.

Bucladesine is a cyclic nucleotide derivative which mimics the action of endogenous cAMP and is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor. The compound is used in a wide variety of research applications because it mimics cAMP and can induce normal physiological responses when added to cells in experimental conditions. cAMP is only able to elicit minimal responses in these situations. The neurite outgrowth instigated by bucladesine in cell cultures has been shown to be enhanced by nardosinone. Recently, the effect of bucladesine as a cAMP analog has been studied on the pentylenetetrazol-induced seizure in the wild-type mice. The data showed that bucladesine (300nM/mouse) reduced the seizure latency and threshold. In addition they found that combination of bucladesine and pentoxyfillin has additive effect on seizure latency and threshold. Bucladesine is more lipophilic than cAMP and in contrast to cAMP capable of penetrating cell membranes. Bucladesine interferes with different protein kinases which are normally activated by cAMP. Bucladesine has undergone in the past clinical developments as systemic treatment for cardioprotection and as topical treatment to improve wound healing. In Japan, a bucladesine ointment (Actosin® ointment; Daiichi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) was marketed to treat skin ulcers. Clinical studies have shown favourable effects on diabetic foot ulcers or decubitus, but the compound was later withdrawn despite good tolerability. One possible reason for the withdrawal may be the odour of the cream formulation which can be related to the hydrolytic cleavage in aqueous solutions resulting in release of butyric acid.

Anecortave is a novel angiogenesis inhibitor used in the treatment of the exudative (wet) form of age-related macular degeneration. It will be marketed by Alcon as anecortave acetate (AA) for depot suspension under the trade name Retaane. In 2007 they received their letter of approval for Retaane’s indication to treat wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD), but final approval would require the completion of an additional clinical study. As a result, the Anecortave Acetate Risk-Reduction Trial (AART) was continued to be supported by Alcon. This study looked at the efficacy of Retaane to reduce the progression of the dry from of AMD to the wet-form. In 2008, Alcon Inc. announced they were terminating the development of anecortave acetate for the prevention of developing sight-threatening choroidal neovascularization secondary to age-related macular degeneration. In 2009, Alcon Inc. announced they would terminate the development of the drug for the reducing intraocular pressure associated with glaucoma. Currently, anecortave acetate is not on the market or being made for therapeutic use by Alcon Inc.[7] This could be due to the lack of efficacy of clinical trials with anecortave acetate or because of newer more efficacious products that are currently on the market. Anecortave acetate functions as an antiangiogenic agent, inhibiting blood vessel growth by decreasing extracellular protease expression and inhibiting endothelial cell migration. Its angiostatic activity does not seem to be mediated through any of the commonly known pharmacological receptors. RETAANE blocks signals from multiple growth factors because it acts downstream and independent of the initiating angiogenic stimuli and inhibits angiogenesis subsequent to the angiogenic stimulation. Recently was discovered, that phosphodiesterase 6-delta (PDE6D) was a molecular binding partner of AA and this provided insight into the role of this drug candidate in treating glaucoma.

Hopantenic acid (homopantothenic acid) is a central nervous system depressant. Formulated as the calcium salt, it is used as a pharmaceutical drug in the Russian Federation under the brand name Pantogam. In Russia it is widely used to treat a variety of neurological, psychological and psychiatric conditions. The drug has been on the pharmaceutical market since 1979 and has been proven to be safe even for children from 3 years old upwards. Hopantenic acid is a natural forming substance, has some of the lowest side effects and considered to be very safe. Use Pantogam to treat a wide variety of cognitive and nervous system disorders with combined sedative and mild stimulant effect. Hopantenic acid is not approved for use in Europe or the United States. GABA receptor agonist.

Clobetasone is a corticosteroid used in dermatology, for treating such skin inflammation as seen in eczema, psoriasis and other forms of dermatitis, and ophthalmology. Topical clobetasone butyrate has shown minimal suppression of the Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. It is available as clobetasone butyrate under the brand names Eumosone or Eumovate both manufactured by GlaxoSmithKline. Trimovate also contains Oxytetracycline, an antibiotic, and nystatin, an antifungal. Clobetasone butyrate is classed as a moderately potent topical corticosteroid. Clobetasone butyrate relieves the symptoms of a flare-up by reducing inflammation, itching and redness. It is not a cure for the condition, but it will help to relieve the symptoms. Although less potent topical steriods are often preferred for use in children, a short course of clobetasone butyrate may be prescribed for a child with severe eczema on the arms or legs. Short courses of clobetasone butyrate may also be prescribed for the treatment of psoriasis for areas such as the face, or the inside of elbows and behind the knees. In ophthalmology, clobetasone butyrate 0.1% eye drops have been shown to be safe and effective in the treatment of dry eyes in Sjögren's Syndrome.