Caroverine is a spasmolytic drug used in tinnitus treatment improves mechanosensitivity and mechanotransduction phenomenon and otoneuroprotective agent. Caroverine acts as an N-type calcium channel blocker, competitive AMPA receptor antagonist, and non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist. When excessive glutamate binds to NMDA receptors, the receptor opens and allows calcium and sodium to enter the neuron, abnormal levels of calcium disturbs ionic balance causing spontaneous depolarization state. Pathological spontaneous depolarization state is reversed back to physiological polarization state by antagonistic property of Caroverine.

Lafutidine is a novel histamine H2 antagonist with gastroprotective activity. Lafutidine exhibited potent and long-lasting H2 antagonism and prolonged antisecretion. In addition, lafutidine showed a gastroprotective effect against noxious agents-induced gastric mucosal damage through capsaicin-sensitive afferent nerves. Lafutidine showed antiulcer activities against acute ulcer models, prevented gastric ulcer relapse of acetic ulcer. Adverse events observed during clinical trials included constipation, diarrhea, drug rash, nausea, vomiting and dizziness.It also activates calcitonin gene-related peptide, resulting in the stimulation of nitric oxide (NO) and regulation of gastric mucosal blood flow, increases somatostatin levels also resulting in less gastric acid secretion, causes the stomach lining to generate more mucin, inhibits neutrophil activation thus preventing injury from inflammation, and blocks the attachment of Helicobacter pylori to gastric cells

Citiolone (N-acetylhomocysteine thiolactone) is an antioxidant drug used in the treatment of liver diseases.

Clobenzorex is a central stimulant and sympathomimetic used as an anti-obesity drug; an n-substituted amphetamine, which is metabolized to amphethamine. Its actions are like those of dexamphetamine and has been used as a drug of abuse.

Fentonium is an anticholinergic, antispasmodic and anti-ulcerogenic agent. It is quaternary analog of hyoscyamine, is a blocker of muscarinic activity and an allosteric blocker of α12βγε nicotinic receptors. It increases the spontaneous release of acetylcholine at the motor endplate without depolarizing the muscle or inhibiting cholinesterase activity. Fentonium inhibited transmitter release and depressed twitch without changing the responsiveness to noradrenaline or ATP. It is a K(+)-channel opener. Administration of fentonium bromide in rats receiving naloxone after chronic morphine treatment reduced the intensity of withdrawal signs such as increased defecation or micturition, salivation and wet-dog shakes, and elevated the nociceptive threshold values.

Mebeverine is an antispasmodic with a direct action on the smooth muscle of the gastrointestinal tract. The exact mechanism of action is not known, but multiple mechanisms, such as a decrease in ion channel permeabilities, blockade of noradrenaline reuptake, a local anesthetic effects, as well as weak anti-muscarinic and phosphodiesterase inhibitory effect might contribute to the local effects of Mebeverine. This medicine is used to treat symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and similar problems such as chronic irritable colon, spastic constipation, mucous colitis and spastic colitis. Most people will not have problems with Mebeverine, but some may get some side effects, such as: difficulty in breathing, swelling of face, neck, tongue or throat, skin rash, red itchy skin.

Drotaverine, an antispasmodic drug, is a synthetic derivative of the natural isoquinoline alkaloid of Papaver somniferum, papaverine. It inhibits cyclic-3',5'-nucleotide-phophodiesterase (PDE) enzymes with concentration-dependent specificity, in addition, it behaves as a L-type voltage- operated calcium channel (L-VOCC) blocker. Drotaverin also acts as a cytostatic compound for several human tumor cell lines. Drotaverine is an effective medicine to treat spasm or twitches of the smooth muscles in the stomach and heart. It is used to relieve pain caused due to irritable bowel syndrome, headache, menstrual periods, and is also used to relieve cervical spasm during labor.

Rebamipide, an amino acid derivative of 2-(1H)-quinolinone, is used for mucosal protection, healing of gastroduodenal ulcers, and treatment of gastritis. It works by enhancing mucosal defense, scavenging free radicals, and temporarily activating genes encoding cyclooxygenase-2. Rebamipide is used in a number of Asian countries including Japan (marketed as Mucosta), South Korea, China, and India (where it is marketed under the trade name Rebagen). It is not approved by the Food and Drug Administration for use in the United States. Studies have shown that rebamipide can fight the damaging effects of NSAIDs on the GIT mucosa.

Etilamfetamine (Apetinil) is a stimulant drug of amphetamine chemical class. It is an N-substituted amphetamine with an ethyl group on the amphetamine backbone. It was used as an anorectic or appetite suppressant. Etilamfetamine is a psychoactive drug, which can be used as a recreational drug. Etilamfetamine has been abused as a “designer drug” alternative to amphetamine and possibly methamphetamine. It is a dopamine releasing agent.

Alfacalcidol (1-hydroxyvitamin D3) is a synthetic analog of vitamin D introduced clinically in the early 1970s. A prodrug for calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), it is one of the most potent and rapidly acting compounds currently used in the prevention and treatment of vitamin D deficiency states and hypocalcemia. The clinical benefit of alfacalcidol is related to the stimulation of calcium and phosphorus absorption, reversal of myopathy, promotion of mineralization in bone and the ability to reabsorb fully mineralized bone. Similar marketed vitamin D compounds include calcitriol and ergocalciferol. Alfacalcidol is indicated in conditions where there is a disturbance of calcium metabolism due to impaired 1-α hydroxylation such as when there is reduced renal function.