Meglumine (N-methyl-D-glucamine) is a poorly metabolized derivative of sorbitol that has regulatory acceptance as a benign excipient for drug formulation to increase aqueous solubility of lipophilic drugs and improve their absorption. In conjugated form meglumine is used as a contrast agent.

Lysing is an essential basic amino-acid encoded by codone AAA and AAG, and used in the biosynthesis of proteins. The daily requirement for lysine is 38 mg/kg body weight. The most rich source of lysine is fish, beef, chicken. In a clinical study lysine supplements was found to be an effective for reduction of occurrence, severity and healing time for recurrent HSV infection, however Cochrane Review concluded that the evidence is insufficient. Lysine was investigated for improving anxiety, ameliorating angina prectoris. Lysine acetylsalicylate has been used to treat pain and to detoxify the body after heroin use. Lysine clonixinate has been used for its analgesic properties for the treatment of migraine headaches and other painful conditions. However, limited clinical trials exist for these conditions.

Dyphylline is 7-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)-theophylline, a white, extremely bitter, amorphous powder that is freely soluble in water and soluble in alcohol. Dyphylline is stable in gastrointestinal fluids over a wide range of pH. Dyphylline is a xanthine derivative with pharmacologic actions similar to theophylline and other members of this class of drugs. Its primary action is that of bronchodilation, but it also exhibits peripheral vasodilatory and other smooth muscle relaxant activity to a lesser degree. The bronchodilatory action of dyphylline, as with other xanthines, is thought to be mediated through competitive inhibition of phosphodiesterase with a resulting increase in cyclic AMP producing relaxation of the bronchial smooth muscle. Dyphylline exerts its bronchodilatory effects directly and, unlike theophylline, is excreted unchanged by the kidneys without being metabolized by the liver. Because of this, dyphylline pharmacokinetics and plasma levels are not influenced by various factors that affect liver function and hepatic enzyme activity, such as smoking, age, congestive heart failure, or concomitant use of drugs which affect liver function.

Diethanolamine (DEA) is an amino alcohol commonly used in the preparation of soaps and surfactants, agricultural chemicals and in textile processing. DEA and DEA-Derivatives are used in other products besides cosmetics and personal care products. For example, DEA and DEA-derivatives have been approved for several food-related applications, primarily food packaging.

Monoethanolamine is both a primary amine and a primary alcohol. It is an olamine derivative. Monoethanolamine occurs in every cell in the human body as the head group of Phosphatidylethanolamine. Monoethanolamine is a component of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins, which are essential for viability. Other sources of monoethanolamine or phosphoethanolamine in the human body are the degradation of sphingosine phosphate by sphingosine phosphate lyase and the degradation of the endocannabinoid anandamide by the fatty acid amine hydrolase. Monoethanolamine stimulates the rapid growth of mammalian cells in culture. Monoethanolamine has a cardioprotective role against ischemia/reperfusion injury via activation of the transcription factor STAT-3. Monoethanolamine is a chemical intermediate in the manufacture of cosmetics, surface-active agents, emulsifiers, pharmaceuticals, and plasticizing agents.

Xanthine derivative, diisobutylaminobenzoyloxypropyl theophylline (Vestphyllin), is a vasodilator, bronchodilator.

Doxofylline (7-(1, 3-dioxalan-2-ylmethyl) theophylline) is a novel xanthine bronchodilator which differs from theophylline in that it contains a dioxalane group in position 7. Doxofylline is indicated for the treatment of bronchial asthma, pulmonary disease with spastic bronchial component and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). Doxofylline does not directly inhibit any of the known HDAC enzymes, and did not inhibit any phosphodiesterase (PDE) enzyme sub types or act as an antagonist at any of the known adenosine receptors, except for PDE2A(1), and adenosine A(2A) and only at the highest tested concentration (10(-4) M). Doxofylline has greatly decreased affinity towards adenosine A1 and A2 receptors, which explain its better safety profile. Moreover, it does not interfere with calcium influx into the cells nor antagonize calcium channel blockers. Doxofylline has been shown to be a more potent bronchodilator with fewer side effects than theophylline. This drug should not be administered together with other xanthine derivatives, including beverages and foods containing caffeine.