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Restrict the search for
atropine
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Tropic acid (Tropate) is a chiral substance, existing as either a racemic mixture or as a single enantiomer. Tropate is classified as a beta hydroxy acid or a Beta hydroxy acid derivative. Beta hydroxy acids are compounds containing a carboxylic acid substituted with a hydroxyl group on the C3 carbon atom. Tropate is considered to be soluble (in water) and acidic. Tropate can be synthesized from hydratropic acid and propionic acid. Tropate can be synthesized into tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate. Tropic acid is proposed be used topicaly for the treatment of wrinkles.
Status:
US Previously Marketed
Source:
AKINETON by ABBVIE
(1961)
Source URL:
First approved in 1959
Source:
AKINETON by ABBVIE
Source URL:
Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (UNKNOWN)
Conditions:
Biperiden, sold under the brandname Akineton was used as an adjunct in the therapy of all forms of parkinsonism (postencephalitic, arteriosclerotic and idiopathic). Was also useful in the control of extrapyramidal disorders due to central nervous system drugs such as phenothiazines and other groups of psychotropics. Biperiden is a weak peripheral anticholinergic agent. It has, therefore, some antisecretory, antispasmodic and mydriatic effects. In addition, biperiden possesses nicotinolytic activity. Parkinsonism is thought to result from an imbalance between the excitatory (cholinergic) and inhibitory (dopaminergic) systems in the corpus striatum. The mechanism of action of centrally active anticholinergic drugs such as biperiden is considered to relate to competitive antagonism of acetylcholine at cholinergic receptors in the corpus striatum, which then restores the balance. Atropine-like side effects such as dry mouth; blurred vision; drowsiness; euphoria or disorientation; urinary retention; postural hypotension; constipation; agitation; disturbed behavior may been seen. Only limited pharmacokinetic studies of biperiden in humans are available.
Status:
US Previously Marketed
Source:
Hyoscyamine Hydrobromide U.S.P.
(1921)
Source URL:
First marketed in 1921
Source:
Hyoscyamine Hydrobromide U.S.P.
Source URL:
Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (ABSOLUTE)
Hyoscyamine as a natural plant alkaloid derivative and anticholinergic. Hyoscyamine is used to treat a variety of stomach/intestinal problems such as cramps and irritable bowel syndrome. It is also used to treat other conditions such as bladder and bowel control problems, cramping pain caused by kidney stones and gallstones, and Parkinson's disease. In addition, it is used to decrease side effects of certain medications (drugs used to treat myasthenia gravis) and insecticides. Hyoscyamine inhibits specifically the actions of acetylcholine on structures innervated by postganglionic cholinergic nerves and on smooth muscles that respond to acetylcholine but lack cholinergic innervation. These peripheral cholinergic receptors are present in the autonomic effector cells of the smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, the sinoatrial node, the atrioventricular node, and the exocrine glands. At therapeutic doses, it is completely devoid of any action on autonomic ganglia. Side effects include dry mouth and throat, increased appetite leading to weight gain, eye pain, blurred vision, restlessness, dizziness, arrhythmia, flushing, and faintness. Additive adverse effects resulting from cholinergic blockade may occur when hyoscyamine is administered concomitantly with other antimuscarinics, amantadine, haloperidol, phenothiazines, monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants or some antihistamines.
