SELENATE ION is a compound containing an oxoanion with selenium in its highest oxidation state of VI. Selenates are analogous to sulfates and have similar chemistry, but unlike sulfate, selenate is a good oxidizer. Selenate is the form required by organisms that need selenium as a micronutrient. These organisms have the ability to acquire, metabolize and excrete selenium. The level at which selenium becomes toxic varies from species to species and is related to other environmental factors like pH and alkalinity that influence the concentration of selenite over selenate. Selenate and other forms of selenium are highest in areas where ancient seas have evaporated. These areas are enriched in selenium and over millennia, biologic adaptation has occurred.

Sodium threonate (threonic acid) is a major breakdown product of ascorbic acid used as a food additive. It is formed in insignificant amounts from ascorbic acid used as a technological aid in the food industry. When administered orally to guinea-pigs (100 mg/kg body weight) for periods of 4 or 28 days, it produced a significant fall in the ascorbic acid concentration of certain organs but was without effect on other physiological and biochemical characteristics. The lifespan of scorbutic guinea-pigs was significantly reduced by dietary threonic acid (100 mg/kg body weight). The results indicate that threonic acid may modify the metabolism of ascorbic acid in guinea-pigs. Threonic acid is a normal component is aqeous humour and blood. Threonic acid is a substrate of L-threonate 3-dehydrogenase in ascorbate and aldarate metabolism pathway.

γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a naturally occurring substance, which is a product of decarboxylation of the amino acid glutamate mediated by the synthesizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase. GABA is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter of the brain and acts mainly through the GABAA receptor (GABAAR). GABA is locally produced by the pancreatic beta cells. GABAARs are also expressed in various immune cells, including T-cells, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and are known to exert immune-inhibitory effects. Recently was studied, that GABA has the potential in treatment of Type I Diabetes. Moreover, was shown, that GABA administration could enhance immunity under stress conditions.

The oil obtained from the seeds of the castor oil plant Ricinus communis is one of the oldest drugs known to man. Castor oil is known primarily as an effective laxative; however, it was also used in ancient times with pregnant women to induce labor. Aside from getting rid of acne, castor oil also helps detoxify the skin. It helps break up the oils that clog glands and pores on the face. Only now, have scientists at the Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research succeeded in unravelling the mysteries of the action mechanism. Ricinoleic acid released from the oil in the intestine, is responsible for the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. It was discovered, that G protein-coupled receptors, a large group of receptors in the body involved primarily in transmitting signals in cells. Hundreds of receptors were systematically turned off, and then the reaction of the cells to ricinoleic acid was tested. Ultimately, was succeeded identified the key receptor with the name EP3. There was concluded that after being released from the castor oil, the ricinoleic acid is first of all absorbed by the body via the intestinal mucosa; the EP3 receptor then becomes active on the muscle cells of the intestine and uterus, which in turn stimulates intestinal activity.

Doconexent (Docosahexaenoic acid, DHA) is an omega-3 fatty acid that is a primary structural component of the human brain, cerebral cortex, skin, and retina. DHA is widely used as a food supplement, and is beleived to support healthy brain development in young childred, prevent cardiovascular disease and cognitive decline during Alzheimer's disease. Most of these claims, however, were not supported by clinical trials. DHA spray is used as a tanner.

Gentisic acid is an active metabolite of salicylic acid degradation, which possesses a broad spectrum of biological activity, such as anti-inflammatory, antirheumatic and antioxidant properties. The antioxidant activity and radioprotective properties of gentisic acid are exerted by its phenoxyl group. It is also used in cosmetics as a skin-whitening agent for the treatment of skin pigmentary disorders by influencing the synthesis of melanin through inhibition of melanosomal tyrosinase activity Gentisic acid is also a biomarker of Renal Cell Carcinoma.

Amaranth is an artificial dark red to purple azo dye. It is also used to color cosmetics. Amaranth is commonly used in fish roe, aperitif wine drinks and Americano. It has been banned in the United States since 1976 by the FDA, because it is a suspected carcinogen. Amaranth (E 123) is an azo dye authorised as a food additive in the EU and has previously been evaluated by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) in 1972, 1975, 1978 and 1984, and by the EU Scientific Committee for Food (SCF) in 1976, 1979 and 1983. Derived from the small herbaceous plant of the same name. A purplish-red (blackcurrant) synthetic coal tar or azo dye found in ice creams, gravy granules, jams, jelly, tinned fruit pie fillings and prawns and packeted cake mixes, soups and trifles. It appears to cause allergic and/or intolerance reactions, similar to nettle rash, particularly amongst those with an aspirin intolerance or asthmatics. can provoke asthma, eczema and hyperactivity; it caused birth defects and foetal deaths in some animal tests, possibly also cancer. Not recommended for consumption by children. It is banned in Norway, United States, Russia and Austria with a very restricted use in France and Italy (caviar only).

Butylscopolamine (trade name Buscopan) is a peripherally acting antimuscarinic, anticholinergic agent. It is a natural substance extracted from Duboisia plant species as Scopolamine (hyoscine) and chemically modified to the quaternary ammonium compound hyoscine butylbromide. It was first registered in Germany in 1951 and marketed in 1952, and is available worldwide both as a prescription drug and as an over-the-counter medicine in many countries. Buscopan is used to treat spasm of the gastrointestinal tract, biliary spasm, renal spasm, diagnostic aid in radiology. In the United States Buscopan approved by FDA to be used in the veterinary medicine only - for the control of abdominal pain associated with spasmodic colic, flatulent colic, and simple impactions in horses. Butylbromide has a high affinity for muscarinic receptors located on the smooth-muscle cells of the GI tract. Its anticholinergic action exerts a smooth-muscle relaxing/spasmolytic effect. Blockade of the muscarinic receptors in the GI tract is the basis for its use in the treatment of abdominal pain secondary to cramping. Hyoscine butylbromide also binds to nicotinic receptors, which induces a ganglion-blocking effect.