Chloric(V) acid is used in chemical analysis and to make other chemicals.

Cobalt is a transition metal, naturally ocurring in the minerals cobaltite, smaltite, and erythrite, and is often associated with nickel, silver, lead, copper, and iron ores, from which it is most frequently obtained as a by-product. Depending on the considered species, cobalt has multiple industrial applications including the production of alloys and hard metal, diamond polishing, drying agents, pigments and catalysts. Cobalt is an essential component of Vitamin B12 (hydroxycolalamin). Cobalt functions as a co-factor in enzyme catalysed reactions and is involved in the production of erythropoietin, a hormone that stimulates the formation of erythrocytes. Cobalt salts were used to treat anemia and stimulate erythropoiesis, but was withdrawn from market since Co(II) cations are genotoxic in vitro and in vivo, and carcinogenic in rodents. Hovewer, Co salts are reported to be used by athletes as a doping

Cobalt is a transition metal, naturally ocurring in the minerals cobaltite, smaltite, and erythrite, and is often associated with nickel, silver, lead, copper, and iron ores, from which it is most frequently obtained as a by-product. Depending on the considered species, cobalt has multiple industrial applications including the production of alloys and hard metal, diamond polishing, drying agents, pigments and catalysts. Cobalt is an essential component of Vitamin B12 (hydroxycolalamin). Cobalt functions as a co-factor in enzyme catalysed reactions and is involved in the production of erythropoietin, a hormone that stimulates the formation of erythrocytes. Cobalt salts were used to treat anemia and stimulate erythropoiesis, but was withdrawn from market since Co(II) cations are genotoxic in vitro and in vivo, and carcinogenic in rodents. Hovewer, Co salts are reported to be used by athletes as a doping

Cobalt is a transition metal, naturally ocurring in the minerals cobaltite, smaltite, and erythrite, and is often associated with nickel, silver, lead, copper, and iron ores, from which it is most frequently obtained as a by-product. Depending on the considered species, cobalt has multiple industrial applications including the production of alloys and hard metal, diamond polishing, drying agents, pigments and catalysts. Cobalt is an essential component of Vitamin B12 (hydroxycolalamin). Cobalt functions as a co-factor in enzyme catalysed reactions and is involved in the production of erythropoietin, a hormone that stimulates the formation of erythrocytes. Cobalt salts were used to treat anemia and stimulate erythropoiesis, but was withdrawn from market since Co(II) cations are genotoxic in vitro and in vivo, and carcinogenic in rodents. Hovewer, Co salts are reported to be used by athletes as a doping

Cobalt is a transition metal, naturally ocurring in the minerals cobaltite, smaltite, and erythrite, and is often associated with nickel, silver, lead, copper, and iron ores, from which it is most frequently obtained as a by-product. Depending on the considered species, cobalt has multiple industrial applications including the production of alloys and hard metal, diamond polishing, drying agents, pigments and catalysts. Cobalt is an essential component of Vitamin B12 (hydroxycolalamin). Cobalt functions as a co-factor in enzyme catalysed reactions and is involved in the production of erythropoietin, a hormone that stimulates the formation of erythrocytes. Cobalt salts were used to treat anemia and stimulate erythropoiesis, but was withdrawn from market since Co(II) cations are genotoxic in vitro and in vivo, and carcinogenic in rodents. Hovewer, Co salts are reported to be used by athletes as a doping

Ceftobiprole is a fifth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. It was discovered by Basilea Pharmaceutica and was developed by Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development. The drug is demonstrates activity against clinically important gram-positive pathogens, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, penicilliin-resistant Staphylococcus pneumoniae, and Enterococcus faecalis. The drug also has demonstrated activity against gram-negative bacteria including Citrobacter spp., Escherichia coli, Enterobacter spp., Klebsiella spp., Serratia marcescens, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The drug has gained regulatory authorization from European states for the treatment of hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP, excluding ventilator-associated pneumonia, VAP) and community-acquired pneumonia (CAP).

Ceftobiprole is a fifth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. It was discovered by Basilea Pharmaceutica and was developed by Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development. The drug is demonstrates activity against clinically important gram-positive pathogens, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, penicilliin-resistant Staphylococcus pneumoniae, and Enterococcus faecalis. The drug also has demonstrated activity against gram-negative bacteria including Citrobacter spp., Escherichia coli, Enterobacter spp., Klebsiella spp., Serratia marcescens, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The drug has gained regulatory authorization from European states for the treatment of hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP, excluding ventilator-associated pneumonia, VAP) and community-acquired pneumonia (CAP).

Gepirone (brand name Travivo) is an investigational azapirone antidepressant and anxiolytic drug in development for the treatment of major depressive disorder but has yet to be marketed. Like other azapirones, it acts as a selective partial agonist of the 5-HT1A receptor. Gepirone has been under development in the U.S. in an extended release form (referred to as Gepirone ER). It has been rejected multiple times by the FDA during the drug approval process and Phase III studies evaluating its use in the treatment of MDD were prematurely terminated. These were the initial Phase III studies of gepirone ER in MDD, and the effective dose range had not been determined. In March 2016, the FDA reversed its decision and gave gepirone ER a positive review, clearing the way for the drug to finally gain market approval in the U.S. In addition to its antidepressant and anxiolytic properties, gepirone has been found to improve symptoms of sexual dysfunction in men and women, similarly to the marketed 5-HT1A receptor agonist flibanserin. The pro-sexual effects appear to be independent of its antidepressant and anxiolytic effects. Mechanism of action studies have demonstrated that gepirone possesses a much greater selectivity for 5-HT1A receptors over dopamine D2 receptors. Long-term studies have shown that gepirone has a differential action at presynaptic (agonist) and post-synaptic (partial agonist) 5-HT1A receptors. Treatment with gepirone ER desensitizes presynaptic 5-HT1A receptors, which decreases serotonin autoregulatory inhibition and enhances activation of postsynaptic 5-HT1A receptors. As a partial agonist gepirone ER acts as an agonist when endogenous serotonin is not present and as an antagonist when endogenous serotonin is present. Overall, gepirone ER increases serotonin production when insufficient amounts are present, and decreases serotonin production when excess amounts are present. Gepirone has been tested in Phase II clinical trial as antidepressant medication for pharmacotherapy for cocaine dependent subjects.

Tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) is an endogenous hydrophilic bile acid used clinically to treat certain liver diseases. It is approved in Italy and Turkey for the treatment of cholesterol gallstones and is an investigational drug in China, Unites States, and Italy. Tauroursodeoxycholic acid is being investigated for use in several conditions such as Primary Biliary Cirrhosis (PBC), insulin resistance, amyloidosis, Cystic Fibrosis, Cholestasis, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Tauroursodeoxycholate (TUDC) promote choleresis by triggering the insertion of transport proteins for bile acids into the canalicular and basolateral membranes of hepatocytes. In addition, Tauroursodeoxycholate exerts hepatoprotective and anti-apoptotic effects, can counteract the action of toxic bile acids and reduce endoplasmic reticulum stress. Tauroursodeoxycholate can also initiate the differentiation of multipotent mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) including hepatic stellate cells and promote their development into hepatocyte-like cells. Although the hepatoprotective and choleretic action of TUDC is empirically used in clinical medicine since decades, the underlying molecular mechanisms remained largely unclear.