Telaprevir (marketed under the brand names Incivek and Incivo) is a direct-acting antiviralagent against the hepatitis C virus (HCV). It is a hepatitis C virus NS3/4A protease inhibitor indicated for the treatment of genotype 1 chronic hepatitis C (CHC) in adult patients with compensated liver disease, including cirrhosis, who are treatment-naïve or who have been previously treated with interferon-based treatment, including prior null responders, partial responders, and relapsers in combination with peginterferon alfa and ribavirin. Telaprevir is not used as a monotherapy. It is necessary for the proteolytic cleavage of the HCV encoded polyprotein into mature forms of the NS4A, NS4B, NS5A and NS5B proteins and essential for viral replication. It belongs to the chemical class of alpha-ketoamids and binds to NS3/4A in a covalent but reversible manner.

Vinyl Chloride, a gas, is produced as a combustion product in tobacco smoke. Vinyl Chloride is used to produce polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and was workers exposed to vinyl chloride were at carcinogenic risk.

Linoleic acid is a naturally occurring omega-6 essential fatty acid, present in a variety of foods, including the oils. Linoleic acid is a precursor for arachidonic acid biosynthesis; on the first enzymatic step of the pathway involves delta-6-desaturase, which converts linoleic acid to gamma-lenolenic acid. Linoleic acid has beneficial effects on human skin and hair. Replacement of saturated fat with linoleic acid is advocated to improve serum lipoprotein profiles and reduce the risk of coronary artery disease. Linoleic acid was tested in clinical trilas as a possible remedy against multiple sclerosis.

Oleic acid is an unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. Oleic acid occurs naturally in various animal and vegetable fats and oils. It is a component of the normal human diet as a part of animal fats and vegetable oils. Oleic acid may be responsible for the hypotensive (blood pressure reducing) effects of olive oil. Oleic acid has being shown to have a potential anticancer activity.

Stearic Acid is a typical example of a fatty acid, which are essentially long hydrocarbon chains containing a carboxyl group at one end and a methyl group at the other. The chain lengths can vary from 3 (propionic acid) to 24 (lignoceric acid) but the majority of fatty acids found in hydrogenated vegetable or animal oils are around C16-C20 in length. Stearic acid is a saturated acid, since there are no double bonds between neighbouring carbon atoms. Stearic acid is found in various animal and plant fats, and is a major component of cocoa butter and shea butter. Stearic acid is a very common amino acid is used in the manufacturing of more than 3,200 skin and hair care products sold in the United States. On product labels, it is sometimes listed under other names, including Century 1240, cetylacetic acid, Emersol 120, Emersol 132, Emersol 150, Formula 300 and Glycon DP. Stearic Acid is mainly used in the production of detergents, soaps, and cosmetics such as shampoos and shaving cream products. Stearic acid is used along with castor oil for preparing softeners in textile sizing. Being inexpensively available and chemically benign, stearic acid finds many niche applications It is used in the manufacture of candles, and as a hardener in candies when mixed with simple sugar and corn syrup. It is also used to produce dietary supplements. In fireworks, stearic acid is often used to coat metal powders such as aluminum and iron. This prevents oxidation, allowing compositions to be stored for a longer period of time. Stearic acid is a common lubricant during injection molding and pressing of ceramic powders. It is also used as a mold release for foam latex that is baked in stone molds. Stearic acid is known antidiabetic and antioxidant agent.

Rutin, also called rutoside, is the glycoside flavonoid found in a certain fruits and vegetables. Most rutine-rich foods are capers, olives, buckwheat (whole grain flour), asparagus, raspberry.In a clinical trial, rutin was found to aid control of intraocular pressure in patients with primary open angle glaucoma. As a component of dietary supplement Phlogenzym, rutin is used for treatment of osteoarthritis. Rutin is also used for treatment of post-surgical swelling of the arm after breast cancer surgery. Traditionally, rutin is used to prevent mucositis due to cancer treatment, to treat blood vessel disease such as varicose veins, bleeding, hemorrhoids.

Thymol, a monoterpene, obtained from thyme oil or other volatile oils, is used as a stabilizer in pharmaceutic preparations. It has been used for its antiseptic, antibacterial, and antifungal actions to help reduce and prevent plaque and gingivitis. Recently was shown, that this substance was able to significantly reduce the oxidative stress associated with cataract. The results suggested that thymol might be a potential therapeutic approach in the prevention of diabetic complications through its aldose reductase enzyme inhibitory and antioxidant activities.

Gallic acid is a polyphenol found in a variety of foods and herbs. Several studies have shown thta gallic acid has neuroprotective and anti-oxidant properties and can be a promising candidate for the treatment of cancer, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, fatty liver disease and many others. Gallic acid acts by protecting cells against oxidative damage caused by reactive species often encountered in biological systems including, hydroxyl, superoxide and peroxyl and the non-radicals, hydrogen peroxide and hypochlorous acid. However, its ability to induce apoptosis, is mainly associated with its prooxidant, rather than antioxidant behavior.

Peoniflorin (PF) is the chief active component of paeonia, with diverse pharmacological actions and wide application. According to current study findings, PF can ameliorate the decline of memory and learning capacities in many dementia model animals, and have effect in protecting the cerebral ischemia injury, treating Parkinson's disease, reliving pain and improving neural synapse plasticity. Peoniflorin is an Adenosine A1 receptor activator with neuroprotective and antidepressant effects. Upregulates serotonergic systems in vivo. Blood brain barrier permeable. Preclinical studies show that peoniflorin is able to diminish pain, joint swelling, synovial hypertrophy, and the severity of bone erosion and cartilage degradation in experimental arthritis. In China, Korea, and Japan, a decoction of the dried root without bark of Paeonia lactiflora Pall. has been used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, hepatitis, dysmenorrhea, muscle cramping and spasms, and fever for more than 1200 years. A water/ethanol extract of the root is now known as total glucosides of peony (TGP), which contains more than 15 components. Peoniflorin is the most abundant ingredient and accounts for the pharmacological effects observed with TGP in both in vitro and in vivo studies.