Oxytetracycline, a tetracycline analog isolated from the actinomycete streptomyces rimosus, was the second of the broad-spectrum tetracycline group of antibiotics to be discovered The drug is used for the prophylaxis and local treatment of superficial ocular infections due to oxytetracycline- and polymyxin-sensitive organisms for animal use only. These infections include the following: Ocular infections due to streptococci, rickettsiae E. coli, and A. aerogenes (such as conjunctivitis, keratitis, pinkeye, corneal ulcer, and blepharitis in dogs); ocular infections due to secondary bacterial complications associated with distemper in dogs; and ocular infections due to bacterial inflammatory conditions which may occur secondary to other diseases in dogs. Allergic reactions may occasionally occur. Treatment should be discontinued if reactions are severe. If new infections due to nonsensitive bacteria or fungi appear during therapy, appropriate measures should be taken. Oxytetracycline inhibits cell growth by inhibiting translation. It binds to the 30S ribosomal subunit and prevents the amino-acyl tRNA from binding to the A site of the ribosome. The binding is reversible in nature. Oxytetracycline is lipophilic and can easily pass through the cell membrane or passively diffuses through porin channels in the bacterial membrane.

Menthol, (+)- is a fragrance ingredient used in decorative cosmetics, fine fragrances, shampoos, toilet soaps and other toiletries as well as in non-cosmetic products such as household cleaners and detergents. Recent investigations have provided evidence for menthol to increase cough thresholds. Racementhol is used as a topical analgesic.

Betanin (betanidin-5-O-beta-glucoside, Beetroot Red) is a red glycosidic food dye obtained from beets. Betanin is the most common betacyanin in the plant kingdom. According to the regulation on food additives betanin is permitted quantum satis as a natural red food colorant (E162). Moreover, betanin is used as colorant in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. Recently, potential health benefits of betalains and betalain-rich foods (e.g. red beet, Opuntia sp.) have been discussed. Betanin is a scavenger of reactive oxygen species and exhibits gene-regulatory activity partly via nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2-(Nrf2) dependent signaling pathways. Betanin may induce phase II enzymes and antioxidant defense mechanisms. Furthermore, betanin possibly prevents LDL oxidation and DNA damage. Potential blood pressure lowering effects of red beet seem to be mainly mediated by dietary nitrate rather than by betanin per se.

Morphine-6-glucuronide is a pharmacologically active metabolite of morphine that is being developed by CeNeS Pharmaceuticals as an alternative to morphine for the management of postoperative pain. Compared to morphine, Morphine-6-glucuronide has been reported to have6 and 86 times lower affinity for the human mu and kappa opioid receptors, respectively, and similar affinity for the delta opioid receptor. Morphine-6-glucuronide is was studied in phase III clinical trials for postoperative pain management. Unfortunately, Morphine-6-glucuronide failed to demonstrate superior safety compared to Morphine and further development was discontinued. Morphine-6-glucuronide accumulates after administration of morphine to patients with renal insufficiency, and analgesia can be obtained with lower doses of morphine compared to patients with normal renal function. More importantly, the dose should be reduced to avoid serious side-effects, although the simulations in this review did not account for side-effects.

Cormethasone is a topical antiinflammatory corticosteroid discovered by Du Pont.

Iometopane I-123 is a tropane derivative labeled with iodine-123 that was being developed by MGI GP (MGI Pharma) as an injectable Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging agent. The ability of iometopane to bind to the dopamine transporter on presynaptic dopaminergic nerve terminal in the striatum has been used to differentiate the uptake of the agent by the neurons in the striatum in patients with a Parkinsonian disorder from patients without a Parkinsonian disorder with high sensitivity and specificity. The diminished uptake of iometopane in the striatum on the SPECT images of patients with a Parkinsonian disorder can be applied to assess both disease trait and disease state (severity) reflected by the severity of the brain dopamine neuron loss. Unfortunately Phase III clinical trials and further development of iometopane was discontinued due to the inability to contract a suitable manufacturer for the clinical and commercial supply of iometopane on acceptable conditions in the US. Currently, Iometopane is mainly used in scientific research into the dopamine reuptake transporter.

PYM50018 (also known as Myogane or SARSAGENIN) has demonstrated neuroprotective effects in several preclinical models. It was observed that PYM50018 protects against neuronal damage, increases neurite outgrowth, reverses oxidative damage and reversed neuronal apoptosis. PYM50018 is in phase I clinical study for the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).

Drocinonide is a synthetic glucocorticoid used as anti-inflammatory agent. It was shown that drocinonide phosphate potassium is effective ocular anti-inflammatory agent that does not show a strong tendency to elevate the intra-ocular pressure. Drocinonide phosphate potassium forms an insoluble complex with neomycin sulfate in aqueous solution. Dibasic sodium phosphate can be employed in an ophthalmic formulation to prevent the formation of this precipitate without affecting the stability of the steroid or the bioactivity of the antibiotic.