Trigonelline is a pyridine derivative known to contribute indirectly to the formation of desirable flavor products, including furans, pyrazine, alkyl-pyridines, and pyrroles, during coffee roasting. The amount of trigonelline in arabica is higher than that in robusta green coffee beans, and thus it can be used as a marker compound to distinguish the coffee bean species. During the roasting process of coffee beans, trigonelline changes into N-methylpyridinium and nicotinic acid as its major products, which makes it a useful index of the degree of roasting. The importance of trigonelline in coffee is connected to nutritional aspects. It has been revealed in recent studies that the administration of trigonelline allows diabetic rats to avoid diabetes-related organ damage and live longer, which can make it a potentially strong candidate for industrial application as a pharmacological agent for the treatment of hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and liver/kidney dysfunctions. In addition, the urinary concentrations of trigonelline and its thermal product N-methylpyridinium of coffee drinkers are higher than those of noncoffee drinkers, which indicates that trigonelline and N-methylpyridinium may have potential as dietary biomarkers that could be used as analytical probes to control compliance in human intervention studies on coffee. Trigonelline has been isolated from many plants: fenugreek seeds (Trigonella foenum-graecum, hence the name), garden peas, hemp seed, oats, potatoes, Stachys species, dahlia, Strophanthus species, and Dichapetalum cymosum. In a randomized cross-over trial, the critical effect of Trigonelline on glucose tolerance has been studied during a 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in 15 overweight men. Results showed that glucose and insulin concentrations significantly reduced 15minutes after Trigonelline consumption compared with placebo.

Barucainide, an IB anti-arrhythmic agent, was evaluated in patients with coronary artery disease. Its antiarrhythmic effect was studied in patients with markedly depressed left-ventricular function. Barucainide was in phase II clinical trials to treat the patients with arrhythmias but the development of the drug was discontinued.

PX-102 is a methoxyphenylcyclopropane derivative patented by Phenex Pharmaceuticals AG as Farnesoid X receptor agonists useful in the treatment and prophylaxis of FXR-mediated diseases. The Farnesoid X Receptor (FXR) is a bile acid receptor which when activated by Px-102 has a profound positive impact on cholesterol, triglyceride and glucose metabolism in liver and intestine. In preclinical studies, Px-102 potently reduces intestinal uptake of neutral lipids and cholesterol and at the same time enhances the excretion of these lipid species. In addition, Px-102 improves hepatic insulin sensitivity and shows massive hepatoprotective effects in animal models of liver cirrhosis or fibrosis. Phenex Pharmaceuticals completes a phase I trial in Healthy volunteers in Germany in 2012 and no further development report has been published.

Ditiocarb, the sodium salt of diethyldithiocarbamate, is a drug with strong antioxidant capacity and chelating activities. It improves the depressed immune responses of newborn and aged mice and mice that are treated with chemotherapy or irradiation. Ditiocarb prevents cisplatin nephrotoxicity in animals without reducing the drug's antitumor activity. Ditiocarb has therapeutic activity in the LP-BM5 murine retrovirus-induced immunodeficiency disease. In that AIDS model, it reduces lymphadenopathy and hypergammaglobulinemia, restores immunocompetence, and prolongs survival. Ditiocarb was safe and reduced the incidence of opportunistic infections in patients with symptomatic HIV infection but ditiocarb had no positive effect on HIV patients. The administration of ditiocarb did not induce any major adverse clinical or biological reactions. Sixty-four patients with nonmetastatic high-risk breast cancer were randomized in a double-blind trial of adjuvant immunotherapy with sodium ditiocarb (DDC) versus placebo. At 6 years, overall survival was 81% in DDC group versus 55%.

Derazantinib (ARQ 087) is an investigational, oral, multi-kinase inhibitor designed to preferentially inhibit the FGFR family of kinases with demonstrated activity in FGFR2 genetic alterations, including fusions. In human cancers, FGFRs have been found to be dysregulated by multiple mechanisms, including aberrant expression, mutations, chromosomal rearrangements, and amplifications. FGFR dysregulation has been identified as a driver in a number of cancers, including iCCA, cholangiocarcinoma, bladder, endometrial, breast, gastric, lung and ovarian. Current scientific literature suggests FGFR alterations exist in anywhere from 5% to 40% of these cancers. Derazantinib is a potent FGFR inhibitor that shows strong anti-proliferative activity in cell lines harboring FGFR2 alterations. In clinical testing, the molecule has demonstrated activity in cancerous tumors harboring FGFR2 fusions in iCCA and bladder cancers.

Almurtide (CGP 11637) is a synthetic muramyl dipeptide (MDP) analogue with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activity. As a derivative of the mycobacterial cell wall component MDP, almurtide activates both monocytes and macrophages. This results in the secretion of cytokines and induces the recruitment and activation of other immune cells, which may result in indirect tumoricidal or cytostatic effects. CGP 11637 has been shown to prevent oncogenic viral infections in mice.

Indacrinone is an orally active, indanone-based loop diuretic patented by American pharmaceutical company Merck and Co as mixture of two enantiomers. In healthy volunteers, the racernic mixture of indacrinone exhibited greater natriuretic potency than furosemide, with a slower onset and longer duration of action. Furthermore, single doses of indacrinone decreased serum uric acid concentrations and increased uric acid clearance, while similar doses of furosemide generally had the opposite effects. Differences in the pharmacologic effects of the resolved enantiomers of indacrinone were initially studied in animals and confirmed in a series of studies we conducted in healthy human volunteer. The S( + ) form is a potent uricosuric agent that produces mild natriuresis only at higher doses, while the R( - ) form is a potent loop diuretic with only transient uricosuric effects. The (-) enantiomer and its active metabolite appear to be primarily responsible for the natriuretic effects of the racemic mixture; the ( + ) enantiomer is 20-40 times less potent a natriuretic agent.