Robenacoxib (trade name Onsior) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used in veterinary medicine for the relief of pain and inflammation in cats and dogs. In an inflammation model in cats, Robenacoxib had analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic actions with a rapid onset of action (0.5 h). In an in vitro whole blood assay in cats, Robenacoxib demonstrated selective COX-2 inhibition. After oral administration of robenacoxib tablets at 1 mg/kg without food, peak blood concentrations are attained rapidly with a median Tmax of 0.5 h, a mean Cmax of 1159 ng/ml and a mean AUC of 1337 ng*h/ml. Robenacoxib persists longer in the inflammatory exudate of a tissue cage model than in blood. The median Robenacoxib elimination half-life in exudate was about 27 hours versus 2.5 hours for blood. Robenacoxib is extensively metabolized by the liver in cats. The systemic exposure of lactam metabolite is about 25% of Robenacoxib exposure following oral administration to fed cats. Further, the systemic exposure to lactam appears to be two-fold greater in fed cats than fasted cats. Apart from one lactam metabolite, the identity of other metabolites is not known in cats.

Diosmin is a flavone indicated for the treatment of venous disease i.e., chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) including spider and varicose veins, leg swelling (edema), stasis dermatitis and venous ulcers. Diosmin is also used as a stand-alone or surgical adjunctive therapy in hemorrhoidal disease. There are extensive clinical trials that show diosmin improves all stages of venous disease including venous ulcers and improves quality of life. Diosmin prolongs the vasoconstrictor effect of norepinephrine on the vein wall, increasing venous tone, and therefore reducing venous capacitance, distensibility, and stasis. This increases the venous return and reduces venous hyperpressure present in patients suffering from CVI. Diosmin improves lymphatic drainage by increasing the frequency and intensity of lymphatic contractions, and by increasing the total number of functional lymphatic capillaries. Furthermore, diosmin with hesperidine decreases the diameter of lymphatic capillaries and the intralymphatic pressure. Diosmin reduces the expression of endothelial adhesion molecules (ICAM1, VCAM1), and inhibits the adhesion, migration, and activation of leukocytes at the capillary level. This leads to a reduction in the release of inflammatory mediators, principally oxygen free radicals, and prostaglandins (PGE2, PGF2a). Diosmin is currently a prescription medication in some European countries (under the Dio-PP, Venotec, Daflon etc. tradenames), and is sold as a nutritional supplement in the United States.

Cobamamide is one of the active forms of vitamin B12 that is also known as adenosylcobalamin or dibencozide. This drug is available as a nutritional supplement to prevent the vitamin B12 deficiency. Liposomal formulation of cobamamide was developed for the treatment of atopic dermatitis by a Korean company Hanall Biopharma.

Gamithromycin, the active pharmaceutical ingredient of ZACTRAN is a novel 7a-azalide that has been developed for treatment and prevention of bovine respiratory disease (BRD). The compound belongs to the 15-membered semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotics of the azalide sub-class with a uniquely positioned alkylated nitrogen at the 7a-position of the lactone ring. Macrolide antibiotics in general have bacteriostatic action by inhibiting bacterial RNA dependent protein biosynthesis, but can also be bactericidal. They reversibly bind to 23S ribosomal RNA in the 50S-subunit of prokaryotic ribosomes and prevent protein elongation during the translocation process. In vitro data show that gamithromycin has both bactericidal and bacteriostatic actions at least at the higher concentrations found in lung tissue. The broad spectrum antimicrobial activity of gamithromycin includes Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida and Histophilus somni, the bacterial pathogens most commonly associated with BRD. Gamithromycin administered subcutaneously is well absorbed and fully bioavailable, and safe for the target animal receiving doses up to five times the recommended dose at 30 mg ⁄ kg body weight. Following s.c. administration, gamithromycin is extensively and rapidly distributed to lung tissue, the site of respiratory infection.

Clenbuterol is agonist of beta2 adrenergic receptor. In some countries it is used as bronchodilator for treatment of asthma, but is not approved in USA. The drug is abused by bodybuilders and athletes for its ability to increase lean muscle mass and to reduce body fat. In 1998 FDA approved the clenbuterol-based Ventipulmin Syrup as a prescription-only drug for treatment of airway obstruction in horses.

Monensin is an antibiotic produced as a byproduct of fermentation by Streptomyces cinnamonensis and belongs to a family of drugs known as polyether antibiotics or ionophores. The drug was approved by FDA for the prevention of coccidiosis in turkeys, chickens, quail, cattle, goats, calves (Coban, Rumensin). The exact mechanism of monesin action is unknown, however there are several hypotesis, which includes the inhibition of K+ transport, the inhibition of the transport of carbohydrates across the host cell membrane, the interruption host cell invasion by sporozoites, etc.

Cypermethrin is a synthetic, pyrethroid insecticide that has high insecticidal activity, low avian and mammalian toxicity. Cypermethrin works by quickly affecting the insect’s central nervous system. The major target site of cypermethrin is the sodium channel of the nerve membrane. A sodium channel exposed to cypermethrin can remain open much longer, even up to several seconds. It is used to control many pests including lepidopterous pests of cotton, fruit, and vegetable crops. In veterinary, it is applied topically for the control of ectoparasites such as ticks, fleas, lice and blowflies.

Acepromazine a potent neuroleptic agent with a low order of toxicity, is of particular value in the tranquilization of dogs, cats and horses. Its rapid action and lack of hypnotic effect are added advantages. Acepromazine is a commonly used tranquilizer/sedative in dogs, cats, horses, and other animals. Veterinarians typically prescribe acepromazine to quiet agitated animals or use it as a part of an anesthetic protocol. It is important to note that when used alone, acepromazine is not an effective pain reliever and does little if anything to relieve a pet’s anxiety or fear. Acepromazine can also be used to treat motion sickness and nausea associated with car or plane rides. The mechanism by which acepromazine decreases a pet’s alertness is not fully understood. It is thought to block dopamine receptors in the brain or inhibit the activity of dopamine in other ways.

Idebenone is a synthetic short-chain benzoquinone and a substrate for the enzyme NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1) capable of stimulating mitochondrial electron transport and supplementing cellular energy levels. Idebenone was initially developed by Takeda Pharmaceutical Company for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease and other cognitive defects. This has been met with limited success. The Swiss company Santhera Pharmaceuticals has started to investigate it for the treatment of neuromuscular diseases. In 2010, early clinical trials for the treatment of Friedreich’s ataxia and Duchenne muscular dystrophy have been completed. In clinical trials, Idebenone (Raxone/Catena) had a positive impact on a measurement of respiratory function (Peak Expiratory Flow, or PEF) in non-ambulatory Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients who were not taking steroids. As of December 2013 the drug is not approved for these indications in North America or Europe. It is approved for the treatment of Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) in Europe. Idebenone (Raxone) is indicated for the treatment of visual impairment in adolescent and adult patients with Leber’s Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON). Because the number of patients with Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy is low, the disease is considered ‘rare’, and Raxone was designated an ‘orphan medicine’ on 15 February 2007. Idebenone is thought to help improve production of energy by restoring mitochondrial function, thereby preventing the cellular damage and the loss of sight seen in LHON. Idebenone is a rapidly absorbed, safe and well-tolerated drug and is currently the only clinically proven treatment option for Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) patients.

Alanyl-glutamine is a widely used alternative supplement to L-glutamine in the production of biopharmaceuticals. The primary advantage of using L-alanyl-glutamine in place of L-glutamine is that it reduces the level of ammonia generated during cell culture. L-alanyl glutamine also acts as an antioxidant (peroxide) and anti-apoptosis (LPS-induced) factor. Ala-Glu may be used in cell culture and insect cell culture applications. It can be used in studies on injury and sepsis, and in the effects of irradiation on leucine and protein metabolism in vivo. Alanyl-glutamine is used as dipeptide infusion solution, which is given as part of parenteral and/or enteral nutritional therapy. When the intake of nutrients or food into the mouth or directly into the gut is not possible or it is not enough to supply the body’s needs then nutrients or foods can be given intravenously or through the gastrointestinal tract or a combination of both. This is especially important for people whose bodies are under physical stress from illness or recent surgery. During illness or after surgery the body requires nutrition or food. Amino acids are the building blocks used by the body to make proteins. Dipeptiven is usually given as a supplement to amino acid solutions or an amino acid containing infusion regimen as part of complete nutritional support.