LBA (4-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-D-gluconic acid) is an aldonic acid obtained from the oxidation of lactose, with high potential applications as an ingredient in foods and pharmaceutical products, because of its antioxidant, chelating and humectant properties.

Glycocholic acid (GCA) is an important metabolite of bile acids, a conjugate of cholic acid with glycine. GCA urine levels are expected to be a specific diagnostic biomarker for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The average GCA concentrations of HCC patients in plasma and urine were about 25 and 2.8 times than that of healthy volunteers.

Triethyl citrate is a triester of ethyl alcohol and citric acid. It is a colorless, odorless liquid used as a food additive (E number E1505) to stabilize foams, especially as whipping aid for egg white. Triethyl citrate is a plasticizer, that plays an important role as a dispersing aid in the processing of polylactic acid/chitin nanocrystal (PLA/ChNC) nanocomposites.

SODIUM ANISATE is derived from fennel, this is the sodium salt of p-anisic acid. It is classified as antimicrobial and flavouring. It acts as an anti-fungal agent, and when paired with sodium levulinate the two ingredients make for a comprehensive preservative for cosmetics. This ingredient is approved for use in organic cosmetics. Sodium anisate (dermosoft® anisate) is an easy to use water soluble salt of an organic acid with an excellent fungicidal activity. It can be added to the cold or hot water phase at any step of the process. The combination with antimicrobial surface active substances or organic acids is recommended to improve the performance of the product even at higher pH.

Sulfosalicylic acid dihydrate is a polyfunctional metal chelating ligand that may be used as a metal scavenger.to form metal coordination complexes. Sulfosalicylic acid forms proton-transfer dye complexes with diazo compounds such as 4-(phenyldiazenyl)aniline. Proteins are precipitated upon complexation with 5-Sulfosalicylic acid, allowing the qualitative analysis of the resultant turbidity formed in a sample by these complexes leaving solution. Protein precipitation with 5-Sulfosalicylic acid has also been employed as a preparative measure for removing proteins prior to chromatographic analysis.

HYDROXYETHYLPIPERAZINE ETHANE SULFONIC ACID (wider known as HEPES), a zwitterionic buffering agent, is one of the best all-purpose buffers available for use in biological research. HEPES is most effective as a buffer at pH 6.0 to 8.5. It was shown that HEPES could be taken into account as simple and efficient reagent for promoting protein transfection and intracellular targeting and had the potential for myriad clinical applications.

Benzenesulfonic acid (conjugate base benzenesulfonate) is the simplest aromatic sulfonic acid, that is soluble in water and ethanol, slightly soluble in benzene and insoluble in nonpolar solvents like diethyl ether. Benzenesulfonic acid was first obtained, together with diphenyl sulfone, by E. MITSCHERLICH in 1834 by heating benzene with fuming sulfuric acid. The industrially important reaction of benzenesulfonic acid with alkali hydroxide to form phenol (alkali fusion) was developed by A. WURTZ and A. KEKUL_e in 1867 and by P. O. DEGENER in 1878. Until the early 1960s benzenesulfonic acid was used chiefly in the manufacture of phenol. Benzenesulfonic acid has the characteristic reactions of a strong aromatic sulfonic acid. Acid hydrolysis at 175 C splits it into benzene and sulfuric acid. Additional sulfonation with fuming sulfuric acid gives 1,3-benzenedisulfonic acid, which reacts further to 1,3,5-benzenetrisulfonic acid, and also diphenyl sulfone disulfonic acid. Benzenesulfonic acid is used as an acid catalyst. The sodium salt is used to standardize dyes. A variety of pharmaceutical drugs are prepared as benzenesulfonate salts and are known as besilates (INN) or besylates (USAN).