Levofloxacin is the L-isomer of the racemate, ofloxacin, a quinolone antimicrobial agent. Levofloxacin is used for oral and intravenous administration. Levofloxacin is sold under brand name levaquin and is used to treat infections in adults (≥18 years of age) caused by designated, susceptible bacteria such as, pneumonia: nosocomial and community acquired; skin and skin structure infections: complicated and uncomplicated; chronic bacterial prostatitis; inhalational anthrax. In addition this drug is used to treat plague; urinary tract infections: complicated and uncomplicated; acute pyelonephritis; acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis and acute bacterial sinusitis. Levofloxacin, like other fluoroquinolones, inhibits the bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication. This results in strand breakage on a bacterial chromosome, supercoiling, and resealing. In addition, levofloxacin inhibits a bacterial type II topoisomerase.

Latanoprost (free acid) is a metabolite of latanoprost which has been approved for use as an ocular hypotensive drug. Latanoprost is an isopropyl ester prodrug which is converted to the Latanoprost-acid by endogenous esterase enzymes. The free acid is pharmacologically active and is 200 times more potent than latanoprost as an agonist of the human recombinant Prostaglandin F receptor. However, the free Latanoprost-acid is more irritating and less effective than Latanoprost when applied directly to the eyes of human glaucoma patients.

Aminolevulinic Acid is the first compound in the porphyrin synthesis pathway. The metabolism of aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is the first step in the biochemical pathway resulting in heme synthesis. Aminolevulinic acid is not a photosensitizer, but rather a metabolic precursor of protoporphyrin IX (PpIX), which is a photosensitizer. The synthesis of ALA is normally tightly controlled by feedback inhibition of the enzyme, ALA synthetase, presumably by intracellular heme levels. ALA, when provided to the cell, bypasses this control point and results in the accumulation of PpIX, which is converted into heme by ferrochelatase through the addition of iron to the PpIX nucleus. Marketed under the brand name LEVULAN KERASTICK for Topical Solution plus blue light illumination using the BLU-U Blue Light Photodynamic Therapy Illuminator, it is indicated for the treatment of minimally to moderately thick actinic keratoses (Grade 1 or 2, see table 2 for definition) of the face or scalp. Aminolevulinic acid is also being studied in the treatment of other conditions and types of cancer. An orally-administered in vivo diagnostic agent, Aminolevulinic acid, is used in photodynamic diagnosis (PDD) whose aim is to help doctors visualize the tumor tissue during surgical resection of malignant glioma, it is already sold in over 20 European countries including Germany and the U.K. According to the presumed mechanism of action, photosensitization following application of aminolevulinic acid (ALA) topical solution occurs through the metabolic conversion of ALA to protoporphyrin IX (PpIX), which accumulates in the skin to which aminolevulinic acid has been applied. When exposed to light of appropriate wavelength and energy, the accumulated PpIX produces a photodynamic reaction, a cytotoxic process dependent upon the simultaneous presence of light and oxygen. The absorption of light results in an excited state of the porphyrin molecule, and subsequent spin transfer from PpIX to molecular oxygen generates singlet oxygen, which can further react to form superoxide and hydroxyl radicals. Photosensitization of actinic (solar) keratosis lesions using aminolevulinic acid, plus illumination with the BLU-UTM Blue Light Photodynamic Therapy Illuminator (BLU-U), is the basis for aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy (PDT).

Titanium dioxide, also known as titanium(IV) oxide or titania, is the naturally occurring oxide of titanium, chemical formula TiO 2. When used as a pigment, it is called titanium white, Pigment White 6 (PW6), or CI 77891. Generally it is sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase. It has a wide range of applications, from paint to sunscreen to food coloring. When used as a food coloring, it has E number E171. World production in 2014 exceeded 9 million metric tons. Titanium dioxide has excellent ultraviolet (UV) resistant qualities and acts as a UV absorbent. In the pharmaceutical industry, titanium dioxide is used in most sunscreens to block UVA and UVB rays, similar to zinc oxide. It is also commonly used as pigment for pharmaceutical products such as gelatin capsules, tablet coatings and syrups. In the cosmetics industry, it is used in toothpaste, lipsticks, creams, ointments and powders. It can be used as an opacifier to make pigments opaque. The FDA has approved the safety of titanium dioxide for use as a colorant in food, drugs and cosmetics, including sunscreens. However, controversy exists as to the safety of titanium dioxide nanoparticles used in the cosmetics industry, for example in sunscreens. Titanium and zinc oxides may be made into the nanoparticle size (0.2-100 nanometers) to reduce the white appearance when applied topically, but retain the UV blocking properties. Recent studies suggest titanium dioxide nanoparticles may be toxic, although further research is needed.

Butenafine is a synthetic antifungal agent that is structurally and pharmacologically related to allylamine antifungals. The exact mechanism of action has not been established, but it is suggested that butenafine's antifungal activity is exerted through the alteration of cellular membranes, which results in increased membrane permeability, and growth inhibition. Butenafine is mainly active against dermatophytes and has superior fungicidal activity against this group of fungi when compared to that of terbinafine, naftifine, tolnaftate, clotrimazole, and bifonazole. It is also active against Candida albicans and this activity is superior to that of terbinafine and naftifine. Butenafine also generates low MICs for Cryptococcus neoformans and Aspergillus spp. as well. Butenafine hydrochloride is marketed under the trade names Mentax, Butop (India) and is the active ingredient in Lotrimin Ultra. MENTAX Cream, 1%, is indicated for the topical treatment of tinea (pityriasis) versicolor due to Malassezia furfur (formerly Pityrosporum orbiculare). Although the mechanism of action has not been fully established, it has been suggested that butenafine, like allylamines, interferes with sterol biosynthesis (especially ergosterol) by inhibiting squalene monooxygenase, an enzyme responsible for converting squalene to 2,3-oxydo squalene. As ergosterol is an essential component of the fungal cell membrane, inhibition of its synthesis results in increased cellular permeability causing leakage of cellular contents. Blockage of squalene monooxygenase also leads to a subsequent accumulation of squalene. When a high concentration of squalene is reached, it is thought to have an effect of directly kill fungal cells. Butenafine cream 1% is indicated in treatment of tinea pedis, tinea corporis and tinea cruris. In tinea pedis it is recommended twice daily for 7 days or once daily for 4 weeks. In tinea cruris and tinea corporis it is recommended once daily for two weeks.

Platinous chloride is used as a catalyst in organic synthesis. The salt is insoluble in water.

Flavin mononucleotide, or riboflavin-5′-phosphate, is a biomolecule produced from riboflavin by the enzyme riboflavin kinase and functions as prosthetic group of various oxidoreductases including NADH dehydrogenase as well as cofactor in biological blue-light photo receptors. Riboflavin (Vitamin B 2) (as riboflavin 5-phosphate sodium) is an ingredient of the FDA approved composition Infuvite Adult, indicated as a daily multivitamin maintenance supplement for adults and children aged 11 and older receiving parenteral nutrition. Infuvite Adult is also indicated in other situations where administration by the intravenous route is required. Such situations include surgery, extensive burns, fractures and other trauma, severe infectious diseases, and comatose states, which may provoke a “stress” situation with profound alterations in the body’s metabolic demands and consequent tissue depletion of nutrients. Flavin mononucleotide is also a component of Cytoflavin, used for the treatment of consequences of cerebral infarction, for the treatment of atherosclerosis, encephalopathy, neurasthenia. Cytoflavin is marketed in Russian Federation.

Tetraamminecopper sulfate is a dark blue crystalline solid with a faint odor of ammonia. The primary hazard is the threat to the environment. Immediate steps should be taken to limit its spread to the environment. Used as a pesticide and fungicide, to print fabrics (especially in calico finishing), and to make other copper compounds.

Manganese Bromide is a highly water soluble crystalline salt composed of manganese and bromine with the formula MnBr2. Manganese Bromide can be used in place of palladium in the Stille reaction, which couples two carbon atoms using an organotin compound

Tetraamminecopper sulfate is a dark blue crystalline solid with a faint odor of ammonia. The primary hazard is the threat to the environment. Immediate steps should be taken to limit its spread to the environment. Used as a pesticide and fungicide, to print fabrics (especially in calico finishing), and to make other copper compounds.