Glucosulfone (Glucosulfone Free Acid, or Promin) is a compound used to treat mycobacterial infections, such as tuberculosis and leprosy. It is converted to dapsone in the body, which also has been shown to have therapeutic effects against dermatitis herpetiformis, actinomycotic mycetoma, asthma, malaria, rheumatoid arthritis, Kaposiís sarcoma, pneumocystis carinii (pneumonia), subcorneal pustular dermatosis and cystic acne. Once converted to dapsone, it has haemotoxic effects (destroying red blood cells, or disrupting blood clotting, potentially causing organ or tissue damage).

AMINOBENZOATE SODIUM is a salt of Aminobenzoic acid. Aminobenzoic acid is an intermediate in the synthesis of folate by bacteria, plants, and fungi. Many bacteria, including those found in the human intestinal tract such as E. coli, generate Aminobenzoic acid from chorismate by the combined action of the enzymes 4-amino-4-deoxychorismate synthase and 4-amino-4-deoxychorismate lyase. Plants produce Aminobenzoic acid in their chloroplasts, and store it as a glucose ester (pABA-Glc) in their tissues. Humans lack the enzymes to convert Aminobenzoic acid to folate, so require folate from dietary sources such as green leafy vegetables. In humans, Aminobenzoic acid is considered nonessential and, although it has been referred to historically as "vitamin Bx", is no longer recognized as a vitamin, because most people have colon bacteria that generate Aminobenzoic acid. The potassium salt is used as a drug against fibrotic skin disorders, such as Peyronie's disease, under the trade name Potaba.

Guanidine is a small basic compound. Guanidine stimulates the neuromuscular junction presynaptically by inhibiting voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channels, leading to the enhanced release of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft. This stimulatory effect of guanidine underlies its use in the therapy for the neuromuscular diseases. The hydrochloride salt of guanidine was approved by FDA for the reduction of the symptoms of muscle weakness and easy fatigability associated with the myasthenic syndrome of Eaton-Lambert.

Hydroxyamphetamine is a derivative of amphetamines. Hydroxyamphetamine is intended mainly as local eye drops for diagnostic purposes. It is indirect sympathomimetic agent which cause dilation of the eye pupil before diagnostic test. Among the minor side effects from its use are: change in color vision, difficulty seeing at night, dry mouth, headache, increased sensitivity of eyes to sunlight, muscle stiffness or tightness and temporary stinging in the eyes. The main use of hydroxyamphetamines as eye drops is the diagnosis of Horner's syndrome which is characterized by nerve lesions. Hydroxyamphetamine hydrobromide is a component of FDA approved brand drug - Paremyd sterile ophthalmic solution (Hydroxyamphetamine hydrobromide, USP 1.0%, Tropicamide, USP 0.25%). Hydroxyamphetamine is an indirect-acting sympathomimetic, while tropicamide acts as a parasympatholytic.

Homatropine (used in a form of bromide or methylbromide salts) is an analogue of atropine, which acts as an antagonist of muscarinic receptors. Homatropine was approved for the treatment of cough in combination with hydrocodone bitartrate.

Formaldehyde is a naturally occurring organic compound, and an important industrial precursor to many other materials and organic compounds. Formaldehyde solution (formalin) is used as a disinfectant. Formaldehyde vapors are toxic, upon entry formaldehyde reacts readily with macromolecules, including DNA to form DNA-protein and DNA-DNA cross-links.

Cobalt is a lustrous, silvery-blue magnetic metal. Cobalt is a bioessential element due to its location at the centre of vitamin B12. Vitamin B12 plays a number of vital roles in the physiology of the human body. Cobalt is also important in treatments of radiotherapy in the form of the isotope 60Co. Other medical uses of cobalt include the detection of tumours and metastases, sterilisation of surgical equipment and the imaging of damage to the brain. Cobalt is also used in the prosthetic alloys sector, being utilised in hip, knee and dental replacements. There are inorganic cobalt complexes that elicit biological effects with potential use as pharmaceutical agents. Three classes of cobalt complexes are present: 1) complexes that directly act on biomolecules through ligand exchange, 2) complexes that modify the activity of ligated drugs and 3) complexes that are activated by bioreduction to either (I) yield a cobalt effector species or (II) release a small molecule drug. Cobalt can cause a distinctive, rapidly progressive and reversible depression of cardiac systolic function, which is readily distinguished from other causes of cardiomyopathy.

IODINE I-123 is a radioactive isotope of iodine used in nuclear medicine imaging, including single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and X-ray computed tomography (X-Ray CT) scans. Iodine-123 is usually supplied as sodium iodide (NaI) and hypoiodite (OI−) in dilute sodium hydroxide solution, at high isotopic purity. 123I is the most suitable isotope of iodine for the diagnostic study of thyroid diseases. The half-life of approximately 13.13 h (hours) is ideal for the 24-h (hour) iodine uptake test and 123I has other advantages for diagnostic imaging thyroid tissue and thyroid cancer metastasis. The iodine is taken up by the thyroid gland and/or cancer metastasis and a gamma camera is used to functional images of the thyroid for diagnosis. Quantitative measurements of the thyroid can be performed to calculate the iodine uptake (absorption) for the diagnosis of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. This is administered to a patient in capsule form, by intravenous injection, or in a drink.

Gold chloride (AUCl3), dihydrate, also called gold trichloride or auric chlorise, is a compound comprised of gold and chloride. It exists as a chloride-bridged dimer, both as a solid and as a vapor. AUCl3 is very hygroscopic and highly soluble in water and ethanol. It is used in organic chemistry as a mild acid catalyst and as a alternative to mercury salts. It is known to cause allergic reactions in subjects with known gold allergy.

Nearly 60 years ago, chromium, as the trivalent ion, was proposed to be an essential element, but the results of new studies indicate that chromium currently can only be considered pharmacologically active and not an essential element. Chromium is a mineral that humans need in very small quantities. Good sources include broccoli, liver, and brewers' yeast. Taking chromium by mouth is effective for preventing chromium deficiency. It is also taken by mouth for depression, Turner's syndrome, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), lowering "bad" cholesterol, raising "good" cholesterol in people taking heart medications called beta blockers, obesity, metabolic syndrome, heart attack, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, binge eating disorder, and a disease called reactive hypoglycemia. Chromium has been marketed as an agent to reduce body mass and develop muscle; however, such marketing claims are no longer allowed in the United States because they are not supported by experiments. Trivalent chromium has also been proposed as a therapeutic agent to increase insulin sensitivity and affect lipid metabolism. Although effective in certain rodent models, beneficial effects in humans have not been unequivocally established.