RO-20-1724 is a potent inhibitor of Phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) originally developed by Roche. It showed some promise as a potential treatment for psoriasis, but it was discontinued when it could not match the efficacy of existing treatments. RO-20-1724 was also investigated as a potential treatment for asthma and septic shock.

PK-11195 is a selective antagonist of the Translocator Protein (TSPO). The C11 radiolabeled isotope of PK-11195 ([11C]-(R)-PK-11195) has been used effectively for diagnostic PET imaging in a number of CNS conditions where imaging of TSPO is informative (the S- enantiomer is not used). Applicable conditions including Schizophrenia, Multiple Sclerosis, and Traumatic Brain Injuries where it has been particularly useful for detection of increased microglial activation. It has also been investigated as means to monitor the role of Toll-Like Receptor-4 (TLR-4) after cerebral ischemia in mice. It should be noted that the unlabeled PK-11195 had been investigated for a number of potential therapeutic uses but did not progress beyond animal and cell models.

SB-743921 is a synthetic small molecule with potential antineoplastic properties. SB-743921 selectively inhibits the ATP-binding domain of the kinesin spindle protein (KSP), an important protein involved in the early stages of mitosis that is expressed in proliferating cells. Inhibition of KSP results in inhibition of mitotic spindle assembly and interrupts cell division, thereby causing cell cycle arrest and induction of apoptosis. SB-743921 has greater than 40,000 fold selectivity for KSP over other kinesins. SB-743921 has demonstrated promising anti-cancer activity in a variety of in vivo and in vitro human cancer models in preclinical studies. Furthermore, anti-cancer effect has been demonstrated in taxane-refractory malignancies with SB-743921. Toxicity studies demonstrated predictable neutropenias and gastrointestinal toxicities without clear evidence of neurotoxicity. The recommended phase II dose for SB-743921 as a 1-h infusion every 21 days is 4 mg/m2.

The principal end-use of azodicarbonamide (ADA) is as a blowing agent in the rubber and plastics industries. It is used in the expansion of a wide range of polymers, including polyvinyl chloride, polyolefins, and natural and synthetic rubbers. Azodicarbonamide has in the past been used in the United Kingdom and Eire (but not other European Union member states) as a flour improver in the bread-making industry, but this use is no longer permitted. In vitro azodicarbonamide decreases the intracellular pool of deoxyribonucleotide and thymidine phosphorylation. Ribonucleotide reductase is a potential target of azodicarbonamide. Azodicarbonamide (ADA) represents a new compound that inhibits HIV-1 and a broad range of retroviruses by targeting the nucleocapsid CCHC domains. Vandevelde et al. also recently disclosed that ADA inhibits HIV-1 infection via an unidentified mechanism and that ADA was introduced into Phase I/II clinical trials in Europe for advanced AIDS. These studies distinguish ADA as the first known nucleocapsid inhibitor to progress to human trials and provide a lead compound for drug optimization. Phase-II development is ongoing in Spain for HIV infections.

Manoalide is a sesquiterpenoid isolated from the Indo-Pacific sponge Luffariella variabilis. It is a potent analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent. Manoalide acts by inhibiting PLA2. At low concentrations, manoalide also inhibited calcium channels with no effect on phosphoinositide metabolism. Manoalide was licensed to Allergan Pharmaceuticals and reached Phase II clinical trials as a topical anti-psoriatic, its development was however, discontinued due to formulation problems.

Trimethylcolchicinic acid (also known as deacetyl colchicine) was used for patients with advanced malignancies. However, these studies were discontinued. Expeiments on rat were shown, that trimethylcolchicinic acid was able to improve normal liver histology, ultrastructure, collagen content and biochemical markers of liver damage in spite of that trimethylcolchicinic acid, didn't bind tubulin.

Quaternium-15, a preservative, is one of the most used substances and is added to several cosmetics and other industrial products. Quaternium-15 is a mixture of isomers, where the cis-form is the dominant form and where the trans-form is the minor component present as an impurity. Quaternium-15 can be found under a variety of names, most commonly those of the Dow Chemical Company: Dowicil 200 (cis isomer only), Dowicil 75 and Dowicil 100 (both a mix of cis and trans isomers). The isolated cis-compound is used primarily in cosmetic applications, with a maximum permitted concentration in the EU of 0.2%. DOWICIL 200 preservative (cis form) is used primarily as a preservative in a wide variety of personal-care and cosmetic products. It is designed to provide highly effective broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, especially in water-based formulations. It is used in both leave-on and rinse-off application such as baby-care products, hair-care products, lotions, powders, and creams. The mixed product (cis- and trans-) is used in a wider range of formulations such as: emulsifiable metal-cutting fluids; latex and emulsion paints; liquid floor polishes and floor waxes; glues and adhesives. Recently, the cis-form has been classified as a CMR substance with the classification toxic to reproduction, category 3. This classification only concerns the cis-isomer:

Clove oil is a natural product, derived from the Eugenia caryophyllata tree. Clove oil is 85 to 95% eugenol. Isoeugenol and methyleugenol make up 5 to 15% of the remaining ingredients. Isoeugenol is manufactured from eugenol by a process of isomerization. Isoeugenol have been used in foods and eugenol has been used in animal feeds. Isoeugenol is used as a fish anesthetic. The mechanism of action of isoeugenol in fish has not been determined. It is hypothesised that its effects are mediated via receptors controlling cellular ion channels in a similar way to that described for local anaesthetics. Reports of adverse reactions involving the use of isoeugenol in humans are primarily confined to incidents of contact sensitization or allergy following dermal exposure.

Propylparaben is a bacteriostatic and fungistatic agent used as a preservative in cosmetic products, food and drugs. As a food additive, it has the E number E216. To increase the activity and reduce its dose propylparaben is used in a mixture with other parabens and in combination with other types of preservatives. Propylparaben is a chemical allergen capable of producing immunologically mediated hypersensitivity reactions. Chemically it is an ester of p-hydroxybenzoic acid.

Eugenol is sometimes called clove oil because it is the active element in cloves. It causes the aromatic smell typical of cloves and because of this property is often found in perfumes. Eugenol’s properties make it a good local antiseptic and analgesic. It is used in dentist offices to make zinc-oxide eugenol paste for temporary fillings. Eugenol also demonstrates antifungal and antimicrobial activity, showing efficacy against Candida albicans biofilms, Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli. Eugenol is further described to induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and to scavenge ROS, thus demonstrating prooxidant and antioxidant effects. Also, Eugenol is used as a pesticide.