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Details

Stereochemistry ACHIRAL
Molecular Formula C10H12O3
Molecular Weight 180.2005
Optical Activity NONE
Defined Stereocenters 0 / 0
E/Z Centers 0
Charge 0

SHOW SMILES / InChI
Structure of PROPYLPARABEN

SMILES

CCCOC(=O)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1

InChI

InChIKey=QELSKZZBTMNZEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI=1S/C10H12O3/c1-2-7-13-10(12)8-3-5-9(11)6-4-8/h3-6,11H,2,7H2,1H3

HIDE SMILES / InChI
Molecular Formula C10H12O3
Molecular Weight 180.2005
Charge 0
Count
Stereochemistry ACHIRAL
Additional Stereochemistry No
Defined Stereocenters 0 / 0
E/Z Centers 0
Optical Activity NONE

Description
Curator's Comment: Description was created based on several sources, including http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24542410; http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/576658; http://www.ukfoodguide.net/e216.htm

Propylparaben is a bacteriostatic and fungistatic agent used as a preservative in cosmetic products, food and drugs. As a food additive, it has the E number E216. To increase the activity and reduce its dose propylparaben is used in a mixture with other parabens and in combination with other types of preservatives. Propylparaben is a chemical allergen capable of producing immunologically mediated hypersensitivity reactions. Chemically it is an ester of p-hydroxybenzoic acid.

Approval Year

1961
146
Conditions

Conditions

ConditionModalityTargetsHighest PhaseProduct
Inactive ingredient
Approved
8583
XILAPAK

Approved Use

For the management of hypertrophic tissues, keloid tissues, dermatitis and dermatoses

Launch Date

2017
Preventing
Basic research
Iscaguard® FPX2

Approved Use

Unknown
Preventing
Basic research
Iscaguard® FPX2

Approved Use

Unknown
Preventing
Basic research
Iscaguard® FPX2

Approved Use

Unknown
Cmax

Cmax

ValueDoseCo-administeredAnalytePopulation
2777 nM
EXPERIMENT
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31234001/
0.6 mg/kg single, oral
dose: 0.6 mg/kg
route of administration: Oral
experiment type: SINGLE
co-administered:
PROPYLPARABEN serum
Homo sapiens
population: HEALTHY
age: ADULT
sex: MALE
food status: UNKNOWN
AUC

AUC

ValueDoseCo-administeredAnalytePopulation
8757 nM × h
EXPERIMENT
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31234001/
0.6 mg/kg single, oral
dose: 0.6 mg/kg
route of administration: Oral
experiment type: SINGLE
co-administered:
PROPYLPARABEN serum
Homo sapiens
population: HEALTHY
age: ADULT
sex: MALE
food status: UNKNOWN
T1/2

T1/2

ValueDoseCo-administeredAnalytePopulation
2.9 h
EXPERIMENT
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31234001/
0.6 mg/kg single, oral
dose: 0.6 mg/kg
route of administration: Oral
experiment type: SINGLE
co-administered:
PROPYLPARABEN serum
Homo sapiens
population: HEALTHY
age: ADULT
sex: MALE
food status: UNKNOWN
Funbound

Funbound

ValueDoseCo-administeredAnalytePopulation
8.5%
EXPERIMENT
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33188879/
PROPYLPARABEN plasma
Homo sapiens
Doses

Doses

DosePopulationAdverse events​
15 % 1 times / day multiple, topical
Highest studied dose
Dose: 15 %, 1 times / day
Route: topical
Route: multiple
Dose: 15 %, 1 times / day
Sources:
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.3109/10915818409021274
unknown, ADULT
Health Status: unknown
Age Group: ADULT
Sex: unknown
Food Status: UNKNOWN
Sources:
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.3109/10915818409021274
Other AEs: Skin irritation...
Other AEs:
Skin irritation
Sources:
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.3109/10915818409021274
AEs

AEs

AESignificanceDosePopulation
Skin irritation
15 % 1 times / day multiple, topical
Highest studied dose
Dose: 15 %, 1 times / day
Route: topical
Route: multiple
Dose: 15 %, 1 times / day
Sources:
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.3109/10915818409021274
unknown, ADULT
Health Status: unknown
Age Group: ADULT
Sex: unknown
Food Status: UNKNOWN
Sources:
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.3109/10915818409021274
Overview

Overview

CYP3A4CYP2C9CYP2D6hERG
inducer
1087

inhibitor
2252
inhibitor
2507
inhibitor
2217

OverviewOther

Other InhibitorOther SubstrateOther Inducer
CYP1A2
2153

CYP19A1
429

CYP2C19
2057
UGT1A9
423

UGT1A1
479

UGT1A6
343

P-gp
2052
Drug as perpetrator​

Drug as perpetrator​

TargetModalityActivityMetaboliteClinical evidence
CYP2D6
2546
 inconclusive [IC50 21.3174 uM]
CYP3A4
2633
 no [IC50 22.4458 uM]
CYP19A1
430
 no [IC50 6.859 uM]
CYP3A4
2633
 no
CYP2C19
2141
 yes [IC50 20.0048 uM]
CYP1A2
2333
 yes [IC50 6.3261 uM]
Drug as victim

Drug as victim

TargetModalityActivityMetaboliteClinical evidence
P-gp
2052
 no
UGT1A1
479
 yes
UGT1A6
343
 yes
UGT1A9
423
 yes
Tox targets

Tox targets

TargetModalityActivityMetaboliteClinical evidence
hERG
2263
PubMed

PubMed

TitleDatePubMed
Comparison of objective and sensory skin irritations of several cosmetic preservatives.
2007-03
Development and validation of chemometrics-assisted spectrophotometric and liquid chromatographic methods for the simultaneous determination of two multicomponent mixtures containing bronchodilator drugs.
2007-02-19
Post-marketing assessment of content and efficacy of preservatives in artemisinin-derived antimalarial dry suspensions for paediatric use.
2007-01-26
Assay of artemether, methylparaben and propylparaben in a formulated paediatric antimalarial dry suspension.
2007-01-17
Effect estimates and methodological quality of randomized controlled trials about prevention of alveolar osteitis following tooth extraction: a systematic review.
2007-01
Controlled drug release from pellets containing water-insoluble drugs dissolved in a self-emulsifying system.
2007-01
Parabens as urinary biomarkers of exposure in humans.
2006-12
Evaluation of xenoestrogenic potential of propylparaben in zebrafish (Danio rerio).
2006-12
Effect of formulation factors on in-vitro permeation of diclofenac from experimental and marketed aqueous eye drops through excised goat cornea.
2006-12
The influence of physicochemical properties of preservative compounds on their distribution into various phases of oil in water submicron emulsion.
2006-11-09
Simple determination of betamethasone and chloramphenicol in a pharmaceutical preparation using a short monolithic column coupled to a sequential injection system.
2006-11
Advantages of ultra performance liquid chromatography over high-performance liquid chromatography: comparison of different analytical approaches during analysis of diclofenac gel.
2006-11
Prediction of estrogen receptor agonists and characterization of associated molecular descriptors by statistical learning methods.
2006-11
Solid-phase extraction and HPLC analysis of methylparaben and propylparaben in a concentrated antibiotic suspension.
2006-10
Flow cytometric cell cycle analysis allows for rapid screening of estrogenicity in MCF-7 breast cancer cells.
2006-10
Causal agents of photoallergic contact dermatitis diagnosed in the national institute of dermatology of Colombia.
2006-08
Simultaneous analysis of antioxidants and preservatives in cosmetics by supercritical fluid extraction combined with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.
2006-07-07
Simultaneous, stability indicating, HPLC-DAD determination of guaifenesin and methyl and propyl-parabens in cough syrup.
2006-06-07
Expression profiling of estrogen-responsive genes in breast cancer cells treated with alkylphenols, chlorinated phenols, parabens, or bis- and benzoylphenols for evaluation of estrogenic activity.
2006-05-25
HPLC determination of calcium pantothenate and two preservatives in topical cream.
2006-05-03
Stability indicating simultaneous determination of domperidone (DP), methylparaben (MP) and propylparaben by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
2006-05-03
Application and validation of chemometrics-assisted spectrophotometry and liquid chromatography for the simultaneous determination of six-component pharmaceuticals.
2006-05-03
Development and validation of a simple reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method for the determination of testosterone in serum of males.
2006-05-03
Application of ecotoxicogenomics for studying endocrine disruption in vertebrates and invertebrates.
2006-04
A stability-indicating HPLC method for medroxyprogesterone acetate in bulk drug and injection formulation.
2006-03-18
Separation and determination of clotrimazole, methylparaben and propylparaben in pharmaceutical preparation by micellar electrokinetic chromatography.
2006-01-23
The importance of the cosolvent propylene glycol on the antimicrobial preservative efficacy of a pharmaceutical formulation by DOE-ruggedness testing.
2006
Rapid and sensitive determination of indapamide in human blood by liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization mass spectrometric detection: application to a bioequivalence study.
2005-11
A new validated method for the simultaneous determination of benzocaine, propylparaben and benzyl alcohol in a bioadhesive gel by HPLC.
2005-10-04
A comparison of performance of various analytical columns in pharmaceutical analysis: conventional C18 and high throughput C18 zorbax columns.
2005-09-23
Determination of parabens in pharmaceutical formulations by solid-phase microextraction-ion mobility spectrometry.
2005-09-15
Stability indicating reversed-phase liquid chromatographic determination of metronidazole benzoate and diloxanide furoate as bulk drug and in suspension dosage form.
2005-09-15
Liquid chromatography and chemometric-assisted spectrophotometric methods for the analysis of two multicomponent mixtures containing cough suppressant drugs.
2005-09-13
High performance liquid chromatographic determination of oxeladin citrate and oxybutynin hydrochloride and their degradation products.
2005-08
Pharmaceutical excipients and the information on drug labels.
2005-07-15
A novel gradient HPLC method for simultaneous determination of ranitidine, methylparaben and propylparaben in oral liquid pharmaceutical formulation.
2005-07-15
[In vitro susceptibility of a Staphylococcus spp. isolate to food preservatives].
2005-07-12
The effects of parabens on the mechanosensitive channels of E. coli.
2005-07
A review of the endocrine activity of parabens and implications for potential risks to human health.
2005-06
Propyl paraben induces potassium efflux in Escherichia coli.
2005-06
Simultaneous determination of preservatives (benzoic acid, sorbic acid, methylparaben and propylparaben) in foodstuffs using high-performance liquid chromatography.
2005-05-06
Preventing sexual transmission of HIV: anti-HIV bioregulatory and homeostatic components of commercial sexual lubricants.
2005-03-25
The use of colloidal microgels as a (trans)dermal drug delivery system.
2005-03-23
Development and validation of a stability indicating HPLC method for determination of lisinopril, lisinopril degradation product and parabens in the lisinopril extemporaneous formulation.
2005-03-09
Decrease in skin permeation and antibacterial effect of parabens by a polymeric additive, poly(2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine-co-butylmetacrylate).
2005-03
Estrogenic activity of cosmetic components in reporter cell lines: parabens, UV screens, and musks.
2005-02-27
HPLC analysis of generic antiretroviral drugs purchased in Rwanda.
2005
In vitro effect of phenolic antioxidants on germination, growth and aflatoxin B accumulation by peanut Aspergillus section Flavi.
2005
Morphometric analysis of mice uteri treated with the preservatives methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butylparaben.
2004-09
In vivo and in vitro estrogen bioactivities of alkyl parabens.
2003-07
Patents

Patents

US2015373989
2

Sample Use Guides

In Vivo Use Guide
Typically used at levels ranging from 0.01 to 0.3%. Safe for use in cosmetic products at levels up to 25%.
Route of Administration: Topical
In Vitro Use Guide
Propylparaben (MIC-80% = 64 (mg/ml)) in combination with Fluconazole against Candida albicans
Substance Class Chemical
Created
by admin
on Mon Mar 31 17:55:18 GMT 2025
Edited
by admin
on Mon Mar 31 17:55:18 GMT 2025
Record UNII
Z8IX2SC1OH
Record Status Validated (UNII)
Record Version
  • Download
Name Type Language
PROPYLPARABEN
FCC   HSDB   II   INCI   MI   USAN   USP-RS   VANDF   WHO-DD  
USAN   INCI  
Official Name English
PROPYL HYDROXYBENZOATE
MART.   WHO-IP  
Preferred Name English
PROPYLPARABEN [VANDF]
Common Name English
PROPYL PARAHYDROXYBENZOATE
EP  
Systematic Name English
PROPYLPARABEN E216
Common Name English
PROPYL PARA-HYDROXYBENZOATE
Common Name English
NSC-8511
Code English
NSC-23515
Code English
NIPASOL
Brand Name English
PROPYLPARABEN [USAN]
Common Name English
PARABEN P
Brand Name English
PROPYL P-HYDROXYBENZOATE [FHFI]
Common Name English
Propylparaben [WHO-DD]
Common Name English
PROPYL HYDROXYBENZOATE [MART.]
Common Name English
PROPYL (4-HYDROXYBENZOATE)
Systematic Name English
PROPYLPARABEN [USP-RS]
Common Name English
PROPYLPARABEN [II]
Common Name English
BENZOIC ACID, 4-HYDROXY-, PROPYL ESTER
Common Name English
PROPYLIS HYDROXYBENZOAS [WHO-IP LATIN]
Common Name English
PROPYLPARABEN [FCC]
Common Name English
FEMA NO. 2951
Code English
METHYL PARAHYDROXYBENZOATE IMPURITY C [EP IMPURITY]
Common Name English
PROPYL PARAHYDROXYBENZOATE [EP IMPURITY]
Common Name English
PROPYL PARAHYDROXYBENZOATE [JAN]
Common Name English
NIPAGIN P
Brand Name English
PROPYL P-HYDROXYBENZOATE
FHFI  
Common Name English
TEGOSEPT P
Common Name English
PROPYLPARABEN [HSDB]
Common Name English
PROPYL HYDROXYBENZOATE [WHO-IP]
Common Name English
PROPYL PARAHYDROXYBENZOATE [EP MONOGRAPH]
Common Name English
PROPAGIN
Brand Name English
PARATEXIN P
Brand Name English
NIPAZOL
Brand Name English
PROPYL PARABEN [VANDF]
Common Name English
PROPYLPARABEN [MI]
Common Name English
Classification Tree Code System Code
NCI_THESAURUS C92608
Created by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:55:18 GMT 2025 , Edited by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:55:18 GMT 2025
NDF-RT N0000185508
Created by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:55:18 GMT 2025 , Edited by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:55:18 GMT 2025
CFR 21 CFR 184.1670
Created by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:55:18 GMT 2025 , Edited by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:55:18 GMT 2025
CFR 21 CFR 172.515
Created by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:55:18 GMT 2025 , Edited by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:55:18 GMT 2025
EU FOOD ADDITIVES E-216
Created by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:55:18 GMT 2025 , Edited by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:55:18 GMT 2025
EPA PESTICIDE CODE 61203
Created by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:55:18 GMT 2025 , Edited by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:55:18 GMT 2025
Code System Code Type Description
EVMPD
SUB12242MIG
Created by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:55:18 GMT 2025 , Edited by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:55:18 GMT 2025
PRIMARY
NSC
8511
Created by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:55:18 GMT 2025 , Edited by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:55:18 GMT 2025
PRIMARY
NSC
23515
Created by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:55:18 GMT 2025 , Edited by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:55:18 GMT 2025
PRIMARY
DRUG BANK
DB14177
Created by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:55:18 GMT 2025 , Edited by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:55:18 GMT 2025
PRIMARY
ECHA (EC/EINECS)
202-307-7
Created by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:55:18 GMT 2025 , Edited by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:55:18 GMT 2025
PRIMARY
DAILYMED
Z8IX2SC1OH
Created by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:55:18 GMT 2025 , Edited by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:55:18 GMT 2025
PRIMARY
PUBCHEM
7175
Created by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:55:18 GMT 2025 , Edited by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:55:18 GMT 2025
PRIMARY
NCI_THESAURUS
C76730
Created by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:55:18 GMT 2025 , Edited by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:55:18 GMT 2025
PRIMARY
NDF-RT
N0000175629
Created by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:55:18 GMT 2025 , Edited by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:55:18 GMT 2025
PRIMARY Increased Histamine Release [PE]
EVMPD
SUB169805
Created by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:55:18 GMT 2025 , Edited by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:55:18 GMT 2025
PRIMARY
WHO INTERNATIONAL PHARMACOPEIA
PROPYLPARABEN
Created by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:55:18 GMT 2025 , Edited by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:55:18 GMT 2025
PRIMARY Description: Colourless crystals or a white, crystalline powder; odourless or with a faintly aromatic odour. Solubility: Very slightly soluble in water; slightly soluble in boiling water; freely soluble in ethanol (~750 g/l) TS and ether R. Category: Antimicrobial preservative. Storage: Propyl hydroxybenzoate should be kept in a well-closed container. Additional information: Propyl hydroxybenzoate is normally used in combination with other hydroxybenzoates. Requirement: Propyl hydroxybenzoate contains not less than 99.0% and not more than the equivalent of 101.0% of C10H12O3, calculated withreference to the dried substance.
MERCK INDEX
m9247
Created by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:55:18 GMT 2025 , Edited by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:55:18 GMT 2025
PRIMARY Merck Index
WIKIPEDIA
PROPYLPARABEN
Created by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:55:18 GMT 2025 , Edited by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:55:18 GMT 2025
PRIMARY
USAN
Y-36
Created by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:55:18 GMT 2025 , Edited by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:55:18 GMT 2025
PRIMARY
RS_ITEM_NUM
1577008
Created by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:55:18 GMT 2025 , Edited by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:55:18 GMT 2025
PRIMARY
SMS_ID
100000079299
Created by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:55:18 GMT 2025 , Edited by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:55:18 GMT 2025
PRIMARY
NDF-RT
N0000171131
Created by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:55:18 GMT 2025 , Edited by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:55:18 GMT 2025
PRIMARY Allergens [Chemical/Ingredient]
NDF-RT
N0000184306
Created by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:55:18 GMT 2025 , Edited by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:55:18 GMT 2025
PRIMARY Cell-mediated Immunity [PE]
DRUG CENTRAL
2307
Created by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:55:18 GMT 2025 , Edited by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:55:18 GMT 2025
PRIMARY
HSDB
203
Created by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:55:18 GMT 2025 , Edited by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:55:18 GMT 2025
PRIMARY
CAS
94-13-3
Created by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:55:18 GMT 2025 , Edited by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:55:18 GMT 2025
PRIMARY
EPA CompTox
DTXSID4022527
Created by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:55:18 GMT 2025 , Edited by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:55:18 GMT 2025
PRIMARY
FDA UNII
Z8IX2SC1OH
Created by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:55:18 GMT 2025 , Edited by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:55:18 GMT 2025
PRIMARY
CHEBI
32063
Created by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:55:18 GMT 2025 , Edited by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:55:18 GMT 2025
PRIMARY
RXCUI
34706
Created by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:55:18 GMT 2025 , Edited by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:55:18 GMT 2025
PRIMARY RxNorm
MESH
C006068
Created by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:55:18 GMT 2025 , Edited by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:55:18 GMT 2025
PRIMARY
ChEMBL
CHEMBL194014
Created by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:55:18 GMT 2025 , Edited by admin on Mon Mar 31 17:55:18 GMT 2025
PRIMARY
Related Record Type Details
Structure of PROPYLPARABEN SODIUM
SALT/SOLVATE -> PARENT
Structure of POTASSIUM PROPYLPARABEN
SALT/SOLVATE -> PARENT
Related Record Type Details
Structure of METHYLPARABEN
IMPURITY -> PARENT
Structure of ETHYLPARABEN
IMPURITY -> PARENT
Structure of 4-Hydroxybenzoic Acid
IMPURITY -> PARENT
Structure of BUTYLPARABEN
IMPURITY -> PARENT
Structure of METHYLPARABEN
PARENT -> IMPURITY
CHROMATOGRAPHIC PURITY (HPLC/UV)
EP
Related Record Type Details
Structure of PROPYLPARABEN
ACTIVE MOIETY
NIH
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