Choline alfoscerate (alpha-Glycerylphosphorylcholine or Alpha-GPC) is a nootropic choline-containing phospholipid. Choline alphoscerate increases the release of acetylcholine in rat hippocampus, facilitates learning and memory in experimental animals, improves brain transduction mechanisms and decreases age-dependent structural changes occurring in rat brain areas involved in learning and memory. The compound exerts neuroprotective effects in models of altered cholinergic neurotransmission and of brain vascular injury. In clinical studies choline alphoscerate improved memory and attention impairment, as well as affective and somatic symptoms in dementia disorders. In Europe alpha-GPC is a prescription medication for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. It is available in two forms; one is taken by mouth, and the other is given as a shot. In the United States alpha-GPC is only available as a dietary supplement, mostly in products promoted to improve memory. Other uses for alpha-GPC include treatment of various kinds of dementia, stroke, and "mini-stroke" (transient ischemic attack, TIA). Alpha-GPC is also used for improving memory, thinking skills, and learning.

Flunarizine is a selective calcium entry blocker with calmodulin binding properties and histamine H1 / dopamine D2 blocking activity. It is not available in the US but marketed in other countries for prophylaxis of a migraine, occlusive peripheral vascular disease, the vertigo of central and peripheral origin, motion sickness and as an adjuvant in the therapy of epilepsy. The drug is also investigated for the treatment of schizophrenia.

Lidamidine, also known as WHR-1142A and Lidaral, is an alpha2-adrenergic receptor agonist that inhibits intestinal secretion, reduces intestinal transit, and inhibits smooth muscle contraction. Lidamidine hydrochloride is used to treat diarrhoea and other gastrointestinal disorders. Lidamidine’s intestinal antisecretory effects are mediated through the activation of peripheral alpha-2 adrenoceptors. Lidamidine crosses the blood brain barrier poorly and is therefore devoid of the centrally mediated alpha-2 effects that have limited the use of other alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists in the intestinal tract.

Azelnidipine (INN; marketed under the brand name CalBlock) is a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is sold in Japan by Daiichi-Sankyo pharmaceuticals, Inc. Azelnidipine is a new dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist with selectivity for both L-type and T-type Ca channels. It has recently been approved in Japan for the treatment of patients with hypertension. Results from clinical trials showed that long-term treatment with azelnidipine effectively controls blood pressure (BP) in a cohort of 95 patients with mild-to-moderate hypertension. The antihypertensive efficacy of azelnidipine in patients with mild-to-moderate hypertension was shown to be similar to that of amlodipine or nitrendipine in a randomised double-blind study. Azelnidipine and amlodipine controlled 24-hour BP to a similar extent. Azelnidipine is generally well tolerated. Vasodilator adverse events such as headache and hot facial flushes account for most of the adverse events. Its use is not associated with reflex tachycardia.

Iodoalphionic acid is the contrast medium, which was used for gallbladder examination. It is rarely appeared in the colon and, therefore, rarely masked the gallbladder. The density of the shadow produced by Iodoalphionic acid was greater than that produced by iodophthalein. It was reliable peroral cholecystographic medium, which was less objectionable to take and seldom causes vomiting. Diarrhoea occurred in some cases, but not more often than with tetraiodophenolphthalein. The ingestion of Iodoalphionic acid resulted in low thyroidal radioiodine accumulation for periods ranging from a few weeks to many months.

Efloxate is a coronary vasodilator developed in 1959 in Italy by Recordati and used for the treatment of angina pectoris. The drug is no longer marketed.

Nimorazole is an antimicrobial with activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa. Its actions and properties are similar to metronidazole. It has also been used in trials studying the treatment of Hypoxia, Radiotherapy, Hypoxic Modification, Gene Profile, Gene Signature, and Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma, among others. Azanta is developing, nimorazole, as an oral hypoxic radio-sensitiser for the treatment of patients with head and neck cancer who are undergoing radiotherapy. Previously, nimorazole has been approved for use as an anti-protozoal agent and has been launched worldwide. Nimorazole, for the treatment of head and neck cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy received orphan designation by EMA in 2011.

Mexazolam (trade names Melex and Sedoxil) is indicated for the management of anxiety with or without psychoneurotic conditions. In adult patients, the recommended daily dosage of mexazolam is 1-3 mg, administered three times daily. Mexazolam is metabolised via the CYP3A4 pathway.

Flupirtine is a triaminopyridine derivative having a chemical structure - 2-amino-3-ethoxy-carbonylamino-6-4-fluoro-benzylamino-pyridine. The basic molecule used for synthesis of flupirtine was 2, 6-dichoro 3-nitropyridine. It was first synthesized in 1980s in Germany and was marketed by Degussa Pharma. Flupirtine is a centrally acting, non-opioid analgesic that is available in a number of European countries for the treatment of a variety of pain states. The therapeutic benefits seen with flupirtine relate to its unique pharmacological properties. Flupirtine displays indirect NDMA receptor antagonism via activation of potassium channels and is the first representative of a pharmacological class denoted the 'selective neuronal potassium channel openers'. The generation of the M-current is facilitated by flupirtine via the opening of neuronal Kv7 potassium channels. The opening of these channels inhibits exaggerated neuronal action potential generation and controls neuronal excitability. Neuronal hyperexcitability is a physiological component of many pain states such as chronic pain, migraine and neurogenic pain.

Riodipine is the blocker of calcium channels of L-type. Riodipine is indicated for the treatment of arterial hypertension, prevention of attacks of angina pectoris. Antiepileptic effect of riodipine was manifested by a decreased frequency and amplitude of interictal discharges and a less frequent appearance of ictal discharges. Riodipine increased latency to first convulsive episodes and delayed the development of generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Detected side effects are: arterial hypotension, tachycardia, hypostasis of shins, increase of a daily urine. Allergic reactions to the drug are possible. Nitrates, tricyclic antidepressants, and other anti-hypertensive drugs are able to potentiate of riodipine effects.