Myricitrin is a naturally occurring polyphenol hydroxy flavonoid. Myricitrin has a variety of beneficial properties, such as antiviral, antimicrobial, antinociceptive, and anticarcinogenic activities. In particular, myricitrin possesses stronger oxidative resistance and free radical scavenging activity than other flavonol rhamnosides or quercetin. Myricitrin showed antipsychotic-like effects in animal models at doses that did not induce catalepsy or alter locomotor activity, suggesting that myricitrin may be a potential drug treatment for the positive symptoms of schizophrenia.

3-O-methylgalangin is a naturally-occurring flavonoid. It is isolated and purified from the rhizomes of Alpinia officinarum and flowers of Helichrysum kraussii and H. odoratissimum. 3-O-methylgalangin exhibited significant anti-platelet aggregation activity in vitro. It has antioxidant activity. The higher antioxidant activity 3-O-methylgalangin can be attributed to the presence of C-2-C-3 unsaturation allowing the resonance stabilization of the formed radical. Flavonoids are known for their antimicrobial properties and 3-O-methylgalangin possess antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria also. 3-O-methylgalangin is an inhibitor of pancreatic lipase and it was reported that it lowered serum triglyceride level on corn oil-induced hyperlipidemic mice.

3,5-di-tert-butyl- 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde is metabolites of a food additive butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). It has less prominent radical-scavenging activity than butylated hydroxytoluene. As the anthropogenic pollutant, it was detected in human breast adipose tissues. 3,5-di-tert-butyl- 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde was found in essential oil of Sphaeranthus indicus and in the capsules of Asclepias physocarpa. It is used as a reagent in the synthesis of a series of quinolinone-chalcones, which have anti-parasitic activity and in the synthesis of thiazolo[3,2-b][1,2,4]triazole-6(5H)-one derivatives (a potent analgesic and anti-inflammatory agents).

Retusin is an O-methylated isoflavone, a type of flavonoid. It can be found in Fabaceae species like Dipteryx odorata, in Dalbergia retusa and in Millettia nitida. Retusin exhibited potent free-radical-scavenging capacity as well as efficient inhibition of cellular melanogenesis, suggesting that it is a valuable hit compound with potential for advanced cosmeceutical development. Retusin showed efficient inhibition both of cellular melanin formation and anti-tyrosinase activity in B16F10 melanocytes. Retusin exhibited an anti-emetic effect in chick model.

Apigetrin, a flavonoid glycoside, is present in a variety of medicinal plants with anti-inflammatory and ant-oxidant properties. It is isolated from various herbal medicines, including Matricaria chamomilla, Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, Teucrium gnaphalodes and Stachys tibetica Vatke. Apigetrin may induce cancer cell differentiation – it could be one of the possible explanations of its antitumor effects. Inhibition of bright light-induced retinal oxidative stress and retinal inflammatory responses was associated with the retinal protection conferred by Apigetrin.

Panaxatriol is a triterpene sapogenin originally found in species of Panax (ginseng) that exhibits anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, anti-arrhythmic, and antioxidative activities. Panaxatriol increases expression of heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) and activation of Nrf2 signaling in neurons in a PI3K/Akt-dependent manner. Panaxatriol also decreases acetaminophen-induced increases in ALT and TNF-α, preventing liver injury in vivo. Additionally, panaxatriol inhibits Ca2+ channels, decreasing channel open time and open state probability in vitro and displaying anti-arrhythmic potential. Panaxatriol is a tyrosine hydroxylase inducer. It shows neuroprotective and cardioprotective effects in vivo. Panaxatriol enhances antioxidant activity and inhibits mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. Pretreatment with ginseng total saponin, especially panaxatriol, ameliorates I/R-induced myocardial damage and this protection is caused by reducing oxidative stress. Panaxatriol can relieve myelosuppression induced by radiation injury. The abilities of regulating the expression of hemopoietic growth factor GM-CSF and promoting the maturation of bone marrow cells may be responsible for some of these beneficial effects.

Laurotetanine is an alkaloid isolated from the leaves of Peumus boldus and other plants. It was demonstrated that laurotetanine from Beilschmiedia species possess an anti-acetylcholinesterase (AChE), anti-α-glucosidase, anti-leishmanial and anti-fungal activities. Laurotetanine exhibits antiplasmodial activity and good antioxidant activities also. It relaxed the rat thoracic aorta mainly by suppressing the Ca2+ influx through both voltage- and receptor-operated calcium channels. It showed significant anti-tumor metastatic activities.

Malvidin is a polyphenolic anthocyanin. Anthocyanins are flavonoids widely distributed in fruits and vegetables. Malvidin exhibits antiproliferative, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory bioactivities. It is able to inhibit cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase-5. Malvidin exhibited bimodal activities serving as breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) substrate at low concentrations and, at higher concentrations, as BCRP inhibitor.

Myosmine (3-(1-pyrrolin-2-yl)pyridine) is a minor tobacco alkaloid widely occurring in food products of plant and animal origin. Myosmine expresses significant genotoxic effects in human target cells of carcinogenesis. After nitrosation and/or peroxidation, myosmine gives rise to reactive pyridyloxobutylating species which are capable of forming pyridyloxobutylated DNA adducts.