Cucurbitacin E (CuE), a potent member of triterpenoid family isolated from plants, has been confirmed as an antitumor agent by inhibiting proliferation, migration, and metastasis in diverse cancer. Cucurbitacin E nhibits OS tumor growth and invasion through inhibiting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. CuE can be considered to be a promising anticancer agent for OS. Cucurbitacin E exerts anti-inflammatory actions. It inhibited both COX enzymes with more selectivity toward COX-2. CuE has been reported to possess anti-inflammatory and anti-tumorigenic properties mediated by its action on the cellular cytoskeleton, on mitotic pathways as well as on cellular autophagy.

Vulpinic Acid is a lichen metabolite with anti-inflammatory properties. Vulpinic Acid acts as photoprotective agent and antifungal agent. Vulpinic acid mainly affects cell cycle, glycogen metabolism, transcription and translation to fungi. Vulpinic acid showed very strong inhibition effect on TrxR (mitochondrial thioredoxin reductase), so it may be used as a potential drug for cancer therapy. Vulpinic acid possesses diverse biological activities, and lichens containing Vulpinic acid have a strong history of medicinal use. For example, Eskimos and people of Northern Europe have used lichens containing Vulpinic acid to poison the wolf and fox.Lichens containing Vulpinic acid are used as fodder for reindeer and emergency food by Arctic and Subarctic peoples. In central Europe, members of the genus Cetraria, which is known to produce Vulpinic acid, have been used as laxatives and have been taken for coughing, including that associated with tuberculosis.

Coniferin is a glucoside of coniferyl alcohol. It is a metabolite in conifers, serving as an intermediate in cell wall lignification, as well as having other biological roles. Coniferin displays moderate anti-inflammatory properties.

Bisindolylmaleimide IV is a cell-permeable potent and somewhat selective inhibitor of PKC (IC50 = 87 nM), designed to be more selective than the general protein kinase inhibitor staurosporine (sc-3510). However, bisindolymaleimide IV also inhibits protein kinase A (PKA), with an IC50 = 2.7 uM. Bisindolylmaleimide IV was very weak and inhibited [3H] N-methyl scopolamine binding only at the highest concentration used. Bbisindolylmaleimide IV, targets quiescent PKC and stabilizes PKC in the quiescent conformation, which generates slower activation and suppressed translocation upon activation of PKC.

Gingerol (6-Gingerol) is bioactive compound found in ginger (Zingiber officinale) with antioxidant activity, which functions as an anti-inflammatory and antitumor agent. 6-Gingerol has been found to possess anticancer activities via its effect on a variety of biological pathways involved in apoptosis, cell cycle regulation, cytotoxic activity, and inhibition of angiogenesis. Gingerol has been investigated for its effect on cancerous tumors in the bowel, breast tissue, ovaries, the pancreas, among other tissues, with positive results. In phase II clinical trials Gingerol was successfully studied for preventing chemotherapy- induced nausea and vomiting in patients receiving highly emetogenic chemotherapy.

Diethylamine salicylate is a salicylic acid salt, that is a cost-effective and simple, first-line treatment for rheumatic and minor musculoskeletal conditions including lumbago, fibrositis, sciatica, bruises, and strains. Salicylic acid directly and irreversibly inhibits the activity of both types of cyclo-oxygenases (COX-1 and COX-2) to decrease the formation of precursors of prostaglandins and thromboxanes from arachidonic acid. Salicylate's antirheumatic (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory) actions are a result of its analgesic and anti-inflammatory mechanisms.

Phenacetin was used as an analgesic and fever-reducing drug in both human and veterinary medicine for many years. Since a major portion of a dose of phenacetin is rapidly metabolised to paracetamol, it seems possible that phenacetin owes some of its therapeutic activity to its main metabolite, paracetamol, whereas its most troublesome side effect (methaemoglobinaemia) is due to another metabolite, p-phenetidine. Phenacetin was shown to inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX)-3, a cyclooxygenase-1 variant while p-phenetidine potently inhibits both COX-1 and COX-2. There is sufficient evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of analgesic mixtures containing phenacetin. Analgesic mixtures containing phenacetin cause cancer of the renal pelvis, and of the ureter. Phenacetin was withdrawn from many analgesic mixtures long before the legal ban in several countries.

Antipyrine is an analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. It is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. It inhibits cyclooxygenases and shows little anti-inflammatory activity. Like many old and approved substances after almost 100 years of use, antipyrine has been associated with some serious side effects, namely agranulocytosis and shock reactions.

Ethyl Methoxycinnamate (EPMC , Ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate) is a major constituent of Kaempferia galanga. with nematicidal, mosquito repellent, anti-neoplastic and anti-microbial activity. In preclinical studies Ethyl Methoxycinnamate shows marked larvicidal, antifungal and anti-inflammatory activities as well as inhibitory activity on susceptible and multi-drug resistant (MDR) clinical M. tuberculosis strains isolated from tuberculosis patients as well. In an in vitro anti-inflammatory mechanistic study, Ethyl Methoxycinnamate was found to inhibit both COX-1 and COX-2.