Skimmianine is a newly discovered strong acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor, which can be used as promising candidate for L. braziliensis due to its potent immunomodulatory activity. In addition, because skimmianine has multi-targeted mechanism of action, it can be suggested for therapeutic efficacy in various inflammatory diseases.

Allocryptopine is isoquinoline alkaloid found primarily in the plant families Fumariaceae, Papaveraceae, Berberidaceae, Ranunculaceae, Rutaceae, and Sapindaceae. It have been reported to possess strong antibacterial, anti-inflammatoty, antiparasitic, antineoplastic and anti-addictive activities. Allocryptopine inhibits human acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase. It blocks hERG current in HEK293 cells. Allocryptopine strongly enhanced the I(peak) of the T353I channel by enhancing the plasma membrane (PM) expression of Nav1.5 and rescued defective trafficking after co-incubation with HEK293 cells that carry mutation channel 24 h. A possible preparation for the treatment of HIV-1 and HIV-2 viruses containing pharmaceutically effective amounts of allocryptopine has been patented.

Acetoxycycloheximide is a protein synthesis inhibitor. Acetoxycycloheximide has been previously shown to induce rapid apoptosis mediated by the release of cytochrome c in human leukemia Jurkat cells. It has also been shown to block the TNF-alpha-induced activation of NF-kappaB via ectodomain shedding of TNF receptor 1 (TNF-R1) in human lung carcinoma A549 cells. Acetoxycycloheximide triggers the downregulation of cell surface TNF-R1 via the activation of ERK and p38 MAP kinase, thereby preventing activation of the NF-kappaB signaling pathway by TNF-alpha.

Alternariol is the mycotoxin produced by Alternaria fungi. It occurs naturally in foodstuffs and is frequently found as contaminant in fruit and grain products. It forms reactive oxygen species and interacts with DNA topoisomerase, thereby generating both single- and double-strand DNA beaks. Alternariol demonstrated dual inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and monoamine oxidase (MAO-A) enzymes extracted from whole and five different parts of male albino rat brains; namely: frontal cortex, basal ganglia, cerebellum, pons, medulla oblongata. In vitro studies have suggested that Alternariol may be linked to reduced immune response in case of infections and/or a disturbed balance of the adaptive immune system. Although the absorption appears to be relative low, it is nevertheless important to further clarify the mode of genotoxicity.

Lycorine is a natural pyrrolo[de]phenanthridine ring-type alkaloid extracted from Amaryllidaceae. It has been reported to exhibit a wide range of physiological effects, including anti-viral, anti-malarial, anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory. Although a defined target or mechanism of action of lycorine is still unknown, it is a candidate anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer drug.