Imidazole is a planer five-member heterocyclic ring with 3C and 2N atom and in ring N is present in 1st and 3rd positions. The imidazole ring is a constituent of several important natural products, including purine, histamine, histidine and nucleic acid. Being a polar and ionisable aromatic compound, it improves pharmacokinetic characteristics of lead molecules and thus used as a remedy to optimize solubility and bioavailability parameters of proposed poorly soluble lead molecules. The imidazole derivatives possess extensive spectrum of biological activities such as antibacterial, anticancer, antitubercular, antifungal, analgesic, and anti-HIV activities. The organic compound is used in the chemical industry as an intermediate in the production of pharmaceuticals, pesticides, dye intermediates, auxiliaries for textile dyeing and finishing, photographic chemicals and corrosion inhibitors. The chemical possesses properties (corrosivity to skin, irreversible damage to eyes, teratogenic effects) indicating a hazard for human health. Humans are exposed by consumer products (chemical concentrations up to 10%) and at the workplace. Therefore, the chemical is a candidate for further work. An exposure assessment and if indicated a risk assessment is recommended.

α,β-methylene adenosine 5′-diphosphate (AOPCP, adenosine-5′-O-[(phosphonomethyl)phosphonic acid] or α,β-methylene-ADP) is an analog of adenosine 5′-diphosphate (ADP). It acts as a CD73/ecto-5′-nucleotidase inhibitor. Blocks ecto-5'-nucleotidase-mediated adenosine production by preventing the conversion of AMP to adenosine.

Dimethyl succinate is the inactive analog of dimethyl fumarate. Dimethyl succinate has a pleasant, ethereal, winey odor and a fruity, winey, and burning flavor. It is used in foods as a flavoring ingredient. Dimethyl succinate was found at increased concentrations in the culture medium of the lung cancer cell line A549 and in the urine of mice implanted with A549 cells. Dimethyl succinate could be used to prolong the insulinotropic action of GLP-1 in the treatment of type-2 diabetes and it may represent a novel therapeutic approach in endotoxemia and multiple-organ failure.

Camphene is a bicyclic monoterpene, a Plant Derived Monoterpene, which possessed antitumor activity. This was found in vivo by inhibiting subcutaneous tumor growth of highly aggressive melanoma cells in a syngeneic model, suggesting a promising role of this compound in cancer therapy. In addition was shown, that camphene lowered cholesterol and triglycerides (TG) in the plasma of hyperlipidemic rats without affecting HMG-CoA reductase activity. And was suggested, that camphene upregulated Sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBP-1) expression and microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) inhibition was likely to be a probable mechanism whereby camphene exerts its hypolipidemic effect.

Natural bicyclic sesquiterpenes, β‐caryophyllene (BCP) and β‐caryophyllene oxide (BCPO), are present in a large number of plants worldwide. Both BCP and BCPO possess significant anticancer activities, affecting growth and proliferation of numerous cancer cells. BCP is a phytocannabinoid with strong affinity to cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2 ), but not cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1 ). In opposite, BCP oxidation derivative, BCPO, does not exhibit CB1/2 binding, thus the mechanism of its action is not related to endocannabinoid system (ECS) machinery. It is known that BCPO alters several key pathways for cancer development, such as mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), PI3K/AKT/mTOR/S6K1 and STAT3 pathways. In addition, treatment with this compound reduces the expression of procancer genes/proteins, while increases the levels of those with proapoptotic properties. Either as a pure substance or a component of plant essential oils, BCPO was found to exhibit antiinflammatory, antioxidant, antiviral, anticarcinogenic, and analgesic properties. β-caryophyllene oxide evidenced potent cytotoxic activity against HepG2, AGS, HeLa, SNU-1, and SNU-16 cells, with IC50 values of 3.95, 12.6, 13.55, 16.79, and 27.39 uM, respectively.

Fosfructose is a cytoprotective natural sugar phosphate under development by Questcor (formerly Cypros) for the potential treatment of cardiovascular ischemia, sickle cell anemia and asthma. Fosfructose acts by stimulating anaerobic glycolysis which generates adenosine triphosphate under ischemic conditions and improve the cellular energy metabolism in ischemic and hypoperfused tissues. Hypoxia forces ischemic tissue to anaerobic glycolysis for energy, which yields two molecules of ATP per glucose in contrast to 36 molecules of ATP generated during oxidative phosphorylation . Addition of exogenous Fosfructose can produce two more molecules of ATP in an uncompensated anaerobic environment and hence facilitate the recovery of ischemia tissue. Fosfructose breaks down into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate, which will further break down into two molecules of pyruvate and finally produce two molecules of ATP. Other mechanisms include inhibition of the generation of oxygen free radicals by neutrophils, stabilization of cell membranes, and maintainance of the correct xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase ratio by preventing the depletion of phosphorylated compounds in ischemic tissues. In myocardial infarction patients, FDP can improve the hemodynamic parameters, attenuate ECG proven ischemic injury and arrhythmia, prevent ATP and creatine phosphate depletion from ischemic myocardium, reduce infarct size, and increase survival rate. Exogenously administered Fosfructose has also been proven beneficial for a variety of other ischemic organs, such as liver, kidney, bowel and even brain as a consequence of its ability to penetrate to the blood brain barrier. Fosfructose trisodium had been in phase I clinical trials for the treatment of heart transplant rejection. Fosfructose trisodium had been in phase II clinical trials for the treatment of heart failure, perioperativ eischaemia and reperfusion injury. Fosfructose trisodium had been in phase III clinical trials for the treatment of sickle cell anaemia. However, all these research has been discontinued. In China, FDP has been approved and marketed as a commercial drug.

Matrine is an active alkaloid, extracted from a traditional Chinese herbs of the Sophora family. Matrine has been reported for its anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. It was demonstrated that the antinociceptive effects of ( )-matrine was mediated by mu- and kappa-opioid receptors. It could dose-dependently restore the balance of Th17/Treg cytokines and attenuate the cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease rats. Sophora flavescens and its bioactive compound, matrine alleviated caffeine-induced hyperactivity and promoted non-rapid eye movement sleep by activating ventrolateral preoptic nucleus neurons and modulating serotonergic transmission. Clinical trial results indicate, that intramuscular matrine may be an economical, efficacious, safe drug for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B. Matrine injection may be used to protect the liver function for patients with primary hepatic carcinoma after trans-artery chemo-embolization (TAE), to relieve the liver cells damage, and to improve the tolerance of TAE, so as to perform the next TAE in time.

Psoralen, the active ingredient of Fructus Psoraleae (FP) the dried ripe fruit of Psoralea corylifolia L., which is used in Chinese herbal medicine. Psoralen promotes chondrocyte proliferation by activating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and can play an important role in the treatment of osteoarthritis. Besides, this compound stimulates osteoblast proliferation through the activation of NF-κB and MAPK signaling and may be a viable therapeutic agent in the treatment of osteoporosis.

Hederagenin is a triterpenoid saponin. It can inhibit LPS-stimulated expression of iNOS, COX-2, and NF-κB. Hederagenin exhibits multiple pharmacological activities in the treatment of hyperlipidemia, antilipid peroxidation, antiplatelet aggregation, liver protection, antidepression, anti-inflammation.

Caffeic acid is an organic compound that is classified as a hydroxycinnamic acid. Caffeic acid is naturally found in many agricultural products, such as fruit, vegetables, wine, olive oil, and coffee, and therefore, significantly present in human diet. Caffeic acid has been reported to have a wide variety of biological activities, including antioxidants, antithrombosis, antihypertensive, antifibrosis, antiviral and anti-tumor properties. Caffeic acid can be effectively employed as a natural antioxidant in various food products such as oils. Caffeic acid exhibits potent anticancer effect in HT-1080 cell line and that it may be used as an anticancer agent. Caffeic acid showed neuroprotective action against oxidative and DNA damage produced in the kindling epilepsy model, although they did not produce antiepileptogenic effect in vivo. Caffeic acid was effective in patients with primary immune thrombocytopenia. Detected in clinical trial caffeic acid-related adverse events were: mild nausea and elevation of liver enzymes.