Carbuterol is a beta-adrenergic bronchodilator with selectivity for bronchial smooth muscle relative to cardiac and vascular tissues of several species including man. In vitro studies demonstrated that carbuterol was a direct acting beta-adrenergic agonist, not dependent on endogenous catecholamine release, and was devoid of alpha-adrenergic agonist activity. The activity of the racemate was shown to reside primarily in the l-enantiomer. Carbuterol inhibited immunologically induced release of histamine and slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis from passively sensitized fragmented rhesus monkey lung and also inhibited passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in rats. Acute toxicity studies in mice, rats and guinea pigs indicated a wide safety margin for carbuterol. Carbuterol is a safer and more effective bronchodilator than ephedrine.

Perhexiline, 2-(2,2-dicyclohexylethyl)piperidine, is an anti-anginal drug. Perhexiline reduces fatty acid metabolism through the inhibition of carnitine palmitoyltransferase, the enzyme responsible for mitochondrial uptake of long-chain fatty acids. Perhexiline is used for reducing the frequency of moderate to severe attacks of angina pectoris due to coronary artery disease in patients who have not responded to other conventional therapy or in whom such therapy may be contraindicated. Heart Metabolics Limited is developing perhexiline for the treatment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Reproterol is a short-acting β2 adrenoreceptor agonist used in the treatment of asthma. Reproterol increases the generation of cAMP in isolated peripheral blood monocytes in vitro more effectively than does orciprenaline. In the presence of the highly potent but nonselective ß-antagonist, propranolol, the cAMP-generating action of reproterol was inhibited only partially. Reproterol has gained wide use when it was licensed as a fixed combination therapy with cromoglycate. Until today, the bronchodilator effects of reproterol and the bronchoprotective and anti-inflammatory actions of cromoglycate combined in one inhaler remain the successful fixed combination of a disease-modifying and symptomatic drug for the treatment of asthma.

Carumonam is a monobactam antibacterial agent. It was highly active in vitro against members of the family Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Haemophilus influenzae and weakly active against Streptococcus pneumoniae, but it was not active against Staphylococcus aureus. The excellent activity of carumonam against Gram-negative bacteria is related to its high affinity for their penicillin-binding proteins. It is indicated for the treatment of urinary tract infections, chronic respiratory infections, biliary tract infections, peritonitis, sepsis. Another factor that contributes to the excellent activity of carumonam against Gram-negative bacteria is its resistance to beta-lactamases. Adverse effects of the carumonam were limited to phlebitis at the intravenous infusion site; bloody diarrhea.

Apalcillin is a naphthydridine derivative of ampicillin. Apalcillin has a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity that is very similar to that of piperacillin, except that apalcillin is significantly more active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter spp. Against Acinetobacter spp., apalcillin is uniquely active, compared to the other penicillins and comparison drugs. Strains producing high amounts of β-lactamases do become resistant to apalcillin. PAH (p-aminohippurate) clearance was significantly decreased during apalcillin infusion. Apalcillin appeared to compete with PAH for proximal tubular secretion but induced no further renal dysfunction.

Cetraxate is an oral gastrointestinal medication, mucosal protectant. Cetraxate might indirectly stimulate capsaicin-sensitive afferent nerves and increase mucosal blood flow, and that this may be a key mechanism underlying its gastroprotective action. Cetraxate prevents gastric mucosal blood flow decrease in H. pylori-infected patients. It is usually used to improve gastric mucosal lesion in acute gastritis or acute exacerbation of chronic gastritis and to treat gastric ulcer. The most commonly reported adverse reactions include constipation, rash, nausea, vomiting, dry mouth and diarrhea.

Acefylline is a stimulant drug of the xanthine chemical class. It acts as an adenosine receptor antagonist. Acephylline piperazine is a theophylline derivative with a direct bronchodilator action. It has the advantages over theophylline in being far less toxic and producing minimal gastric irritation. It is indicated for the treatment of asthma, emphysema, acute and chronic bronchitis associated with bronchospasm.Acefylline relaxes smooth muscles, relieves bronchospasm & has a stimulant effect on respiration. It stimulates the myocardium & central nervous system, decreases peripheral resistance & venous pressure & causes diuresis. The mechanism of action is still not clear, inhibition of phosphodiesterase with a resulting increase in intracellular cyclic AMP does occur, but not apparently at concentrations normally used for clinical effect. Other proposed mechanisms of action include adenosine receptor antagonism, prostaglandin antagonism & effects on intracellular calcium. Sodium phenobarbital is a non-selective central nervous system depressant that is primarily used as sedative-hypnotic.

Pronetalol (Pronethalol) is a nonselective beta-adrenoceptor antagonist that is structurally related to propranolol. Pronethalol displays a ∼125–150-fold lower affinity (140–830 nM) for beta-adrenoceptors than propranolol (1.1–5.7 nM). Pronethalol was the first beta-adrenoceptor antagonist used for the treatment of coronary heart disease and cardiac arrhythmias. Pronethalol is a cationic-amphiphilic agent that exhibits membrane-stabilizing effects that are unrelated to beta-adrenoceptor blockade. Pronetalol itself never came into widespread clinical use; it was found to produce thymic tumors in mice, and was discarded in favor of a similar, safer compound, ICI 45,520.

Azithromycin is one of the world's best-selling antibiotics, used to treat or prevent certain bacterial infections: Acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis in adults; acute bacterial sinusitis in adults; uncomplicated skin and skin structure infections in adults; urethritis and cervicitis in adults; genital ulcer disease in men; acute otitis media in pediatric patients; community-acquired pneumonia in adults and pediatric patients; pharyngitis/tonsillitis in adults and pediatric patients. Azithromycin should not be used in patients with pneumonia who are judged inappropriate for oral therapy because of moderate to severe illness or risk factors. A team of researchers at the Croatian pharmaceutical company Pliva, discovered azithromycin in 1980. It was patented in 1981. In 1986, Pliva and Pfizer signed a licensing agreement, which gave Pfizer exclusive rights for the sale of azithromycin in Western Europe and the United States. Pliva put its azithromycin on the market in Central and Eastern Europe under the brand name of Sumamed in 1988. Pfizer launched azithromycin under Pliva's license in other markets under the brand name Zithromax in 1991. Azithromycin is a semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic of the azalide class. Like other macrolide antibiotics, azithromycin inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit of the bacterial 70S ribosome. Binding inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with amino acid translocation during the process of translation. Its effects may be bacteriostatic or bactericidal depending of the organism and the drug concentration. Its long half-life, which enables once daily dosing and shorter administration durations, is a property distinct from other macrolides.

Tobramycin, an aminoglycoside antibiotic obtained from cultures of Streptomyces tenebrarius, it is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the pseudomonas species. Tobramycin is used in combination with other antibiotics to treat urinary tract infections, gynecologic infections, peritonitis, endocarditis, pneumonia, bacteremia and sepsis, respiratory infections including those associated with cystic fibrosis, osteomyelitis, and diabetic foot and other soft-tissue infections. It acts primarily by disrupting protein synthesis, leading to altered cell membrane permeability, progressive disruption of the cell envelope, and eventual cell death. Tobramycin has in vitro activity against a wide range of gram-negative organisms including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Tobramycin binds irreversibly to one of two aminoglycoside binding sites on the 30 S ribosomal subunit, inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis. Tobramycin may also destabilize bacterial memebrane by binding to 16 S 16 S r-RNA. An active transport mechanism for aminoglycoside uptake is necessary in the bacteria in order to attain a significant intracellular concentration of tobramycin. KITABIS PAK (co-packaging of tobramycin inhalation solution and PARI LC PLUS Reusable Nebulizer) is indicated for the management of cystic fibrosis in adults and pediatric patients 6 years of age and older with P. aeruginosa.