Zacopride is a potent antagonist at the 5-HT3 receptor and an agonist at the 5-HT4 receptor with antiemetic, anxiolytic and nootropic effects in animal models. Zacopride also has pro-respiratory effects, both reducing sleep apnea and reversing opioid-induced respiratory depression in animal studies. Zacopride has been tested in clinical trials for the treatment of schizophrenia but was found unsuccessful.

Orazamide, which is composed of one molecule of 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide (AICA), one molecule of orotic acid and two molecules of water, is used clinically for the treatment of hepatitis and cirrhosis The nucleoside of AICA (AICAR) is internalized and becomes phosphorylated by adenosine kinase to form AICAR mono-phosphate (AICA ribotide, ZMP), an intermediate in the late steps of de novo purine biosynthesis. In hepatocytes, AICA can inhibit the fatty acid synthesis, sterol synthesis, and gluconeogenesis.

METHYLMETHIONINE (S-Methionine methyl sulfonium, SMMS) chloride is a derivative of methionine metabolism in some plants. Methylmethionine has therapeutic effects on gastrointestinal ulceration potentially via its ability to promote dermal fibroblast migration and growth. The natural derivative Methylmethionine is biosynthesized from L-methionine which is first converted to S-adenosylmethionine. The subsequent conversion, involving replacement of the adenosyl group by a methyl group is catalyzed by the enzyme methionine S-methyltransferase. Methylmethionine is particularly abundant in plants, being more abundant than methionine. S-Methylmethionine is sometimes referred to as vitamin U, but it is not considered a true vitamin. The term was coined in 1950 by Garnett Cheney for uncharacterized anti-ulcerogenic factors in raw cabbage juice that may help speed healing of peptic ulcers.

Ethyl cysteinate is derivative of semi-essential proteinogenic amino acid Cysteine. Ethyl cysteinate is widely used in food additive, cosmetic, pharmaceutical area. Ethyl cysteinate is membrane-permeable, readily enters peripheral tissues and the brain, and increases intracellular pools of cysteine in these tissues via a membrane-associated carboxylesterase. The increased availability of cysteine directly alters the redox status of cells and enhances glutathione production. The enhanced biovailability of L-cysteine and L-glutathione would also promote the direct formation of the S-nitrosothiols, L-S-nitrosocysteine and L-S-nitrosoglutathione and the overall S-nitrosylation status of functional proteins in cells.

Dihydralazine is a compound with antihypertensive properties and is in clinical trials, where is studied its effect on kidney function and hormones in healthy individuals.

Dihydralazine is a compound with antihypertensive properties and is in clinical trials, where is studied its effect on kidney function and hormones in healthy individuals.

METHYLMETHIONINE (S-Methionine methyl sulfonium, SMMS) chloride is a derivative of methionine metabolism in some plants. Methylmethionine has therapeutic effects on gastrointestinal ulceration potentially via its ability to promote dermal fibroblast migration and growth. The natural derivative Methylmethionine is biosynthesized from L-methionine which is first converted to S-adenosylmethionine. The subsequent conversion, involving replacement of the adenosyl group by a methyl group is catalyzed by the enzyme methionine S-methyltransferase. Methylmethionine is particularly abundant in plants, being more abundant than methionine. S-Methylmethionine is sometimes referred to as vitamin U, but it is not considered a true vitamin. The term was coined in 1950 by Garnett Cheney for uncharacterized anti-ulcerogenic factors in raw cabbage juice that may help speed healing of peptic ulcers.

Tolonidine, 2(2-chloro-p-toluidino)-2-imidazoline-nitrate, is a substance chemically related to clonidine. In the anesthetized dog, tolonidine administered i.v. decreased the amplitude of ventricular contractions, reduced aortic blood flow and increased peripheral vascular resistances. In the bivagotomized pithed rat, tolonidine induced a long-lasting increase in blood pressure with no secondary hypotension, thus suggesting peripheral sympathomimetic properties, however, contractions of seminal vesicles in vitro were not obtained. The product proved to have no peripheral sympatholytic or parasympatholytic properties.

Zinterol (MJ-9184-1) is an beta-adregenrgic agonist demostrated activity toward beta1-3 receptors. Oral zinterol caused a fast-appearing and long-lasting bronchodilator effect in patients with with stable chronic obstructive lung disease, however it seems development of zinterol was discontitued.

Zacopride is a potent antagonist at the 5-HT3 receptor and an agonist at the 5-HT4 receptor with antiemetic, anxiolytic and nootropic effects in animal models. Zacopride also has pro-respiratory effects, both reducing sleep apnea and reversing opioid-induced respiratory depression in animal studies. Zacopride has been tested in clinical trials for the treatment of schizophrenia but was found unsuccessful.