Flupirtine is a triaminopyridine derivative having a chemical structure - 2-amino-3-ethoxy-carbonylamino-6-4-fluoro-benzylamino-pyridine. The basic molecule used for synthesis of flupirtine was 2, 6-dichoro 3-nitropyridine. It was first synthesized in 1980s in Germany and was marketed by Degussa Pharma. Flupirtine is a centrally acting, non-opioid analgesic that is available in a number of European countries for the treatment of a variety of pain states. The therapeutic benefits seen with flupirtine relate to its unique pharmacological properties. Flupirtine displays indirect NDMA receptor antagonism via activation of potassium channels and is the first representative of a pharmacological class denoted the 'selective neuronal potassium channel openers'. The generation of the M-current is facilitated by flupirtine via the opening of neuronal Kv7 potassium channels. The opening of these channels inhibits exaggerated neuronal action potential generation and controls neuronal excitability. Neuronal hyperexcitability is a physiological component of many pain states such as chronic pain, migraine and neurogenic pain.

Hopantenic acid (homopantothenic acid) is a central nervous system depressant. Formulated as the calcium salt, it is used as a pharmaceutical drug in the Russian Federation under the brand name Pantogam. In Russia it is widely used to treat a variety of neurological, psychological and psychiatric conditions. The drug has been on the pharmaceutical market since 1979 and has been proven to be safe even for children from 3 years old upwards. Hopantenic acid is a natural forming substance, has some of the lowest side effects and considered to be very safe. Use Pantogam to treat a wide variety of cognitive and nervous system disorders with combined sedative and mild stimulant effect. Hopantenic acid is not approved for use in Europe or the United States. GABA receptor agonist.

Clinofibrate is known as a fibrate therapeutic drug for hyperlipidemia.

Indisetron dihydrochloride (N-3389) was approved by Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency of Japan (PMDA) on January 29, 2004. It was co-developed and co-marketed as Sinseron by Kyorin & Yakult Honsha in Japan. Indisetron is a dual serotonin 5-HT3 and 5-HT4 receptor antagonist. It is indicated for the treatment of prophylaxis of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, it’s administered once daily. Indisetron is metabolized in the liver, and CYP1A1, CYP2C9, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4 are involved in its metabolism. However, indisetron is unlikely to cause drug interactions at clinical doses because the effective plasma concentrations are lower than those necessary for inhibiting the metabolic enzymes. No drug interaction has been reported. Indisetron antagonizes 5-HT4 receptors, as well as 5-HT3 receptors, and this characteristic is expected to contribute to its clinical efficacy.

Butriptyline is a tricyclic antidepressant used in patients with depression associated with anxiety. The drug is supposed to be withdrawn from the market as the last publication about its clinical use is dated by 1988.

Ataluren (Translarna) is a small-molecule drug approved in Europe for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy caused by a nonsense mutation. Ataluren interacts with the ribosome enabling it to read through premature nonsense stop signals on mRNA and allowing the cell to produce a full-length, functional protein. Ataluren is also being tested in phase III for cystic fibrosis caused by a nonsense mutation.

Itopride is a dopamine D2 receptor antagonist and inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase. It is indicated in the for the treatment of gastrointestinal symptoms caused by reduced gastrointestinal motility, such as functional non-ulcer dyspepsia (chronic gastritis), gastric fullness, rapid satiation, pain or discomfort in the upper abdomen, anorexia, heartburn, nausea, and vomiting. The drug is not approved in the USA or UK but is available in Japan and Western European countries.

Sulfaethoxypyridazine an antibacterial sulfonamide compound. It is veterinary use only against bacterial infections, such as fowl cholera and salmonella infection.

Levosulpiride [RV 12309, L-sulpiride, levosulpride, Dislep® 25, Levopride®, Levopraid®] is a potent dopamine D2 receptor blocker that was originated by Ravizza Farmaceutici (now AbbVie). Levosulpiride is the levo enantiomer of sulpiride. The levo enantiomer shows better/similar pharmacological actions and lower incidence of toxic effects than both dextro as well as the racemic forms of the drug. Levosulpiride is marketed in Italy and South Korea, and is possibly available elsewhere in Europe and Asia. Levosulpiride does not appear to be available in North America. Levosulpiride is available as 25mg tablets, drops and in ampoules for parenteral administration. Generic versions of levosulpiride also appear to be available in some countries. Levosulpiride is primarily indicated in conditions like Anxiety, Depression, Gastro-esophageal reflux disease, Irritable bowel syndrome, Schizophrenia, Tourette's syndrome, dyspeptic syndrome, essential cephalgia, and can also be given in adjunctive therapy as an alternative drug of choice in Peptic ulcer, Vertigo.

Cinepazide or cinepazide maleate (Kelinao or Anjieli in China) is a vasodilator used in China for the treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, and peripheral vascular diseases. As a calcium channel blocker, cinepazide can stop calcium from entering vascular smooth muscle cells and relax smooth muscles of cerebral vessels, coronary arteries and peripheral vessels so as to relieve vasospasm, reduce vascular resistance, improve flexibility of red blood cells, increase blood circulation in cerebral vessels and improve microcirculation and brain metabolism. Cinepazide could also increase the number of cAMP by inhibiting cAMP phosphodiesterase and reduce oxygen consumption. In April 2002, cinepazide of Beijing Hwellso Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd was approved to enter the market with two dosage forms of oral formulation and injection under the trade name of Kelinao. Currently, Kelinao is the only domestic brand for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. And in 2009, cinepazide was included in the national medicare drug list. Cinepazide maleate, after wide application, has gained the recognition of Chinese doctors and patients for the treatment of cerebral arteriosclerosis, transient ischemic attack, cerebral thrombosis, cerebral embolism, cerebral hemorrhage sequel and post-traumatic brain syndrome. Besides, due to its efficacy in cardiovascular diseases and peripheral vascular diseases, cinepazide maleate has become a leading product in cerebrovascular drug market.