Ornoprostil is a methyl derivative of PGE1 with anti-ulcreative properties developed in Japan. It is a prostaglandin E1 receptor agonist.

Lidamidine, also known as WHR-1142A and Lidaral, is an alpha2-adrenergic receptor agonist that inhibits intestinal secretion, reduces intestinal transit, and inhibits smooth muscle contraction. Lidamidine hydrochloride is used to treat diarrhoea and other gastrointestinal disorders. Lidamidine’s intestinal antisecretory effects are mediated through the activation of peripheral alpha-2 adrenoceptors. Lidamidine crosses the blood brain barrier poorly and is therefore devoid of the centrally mediated alpha-2 effects that have limited the use of other alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists in the intestinal tract.

Azelnidipine (INN; marketed under the brand name CalBlock) is a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is sold in Japan by Daiichi-Sankyo pharmaceuticals, Inc. Azelnidipine is a new dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist with selectivity for both L-type and T-type Ca channels. It has recently been approved in Japan for the treatment of patients with hypertension. Results from clinical trials showed that long-term treatment with azelnidipine effectively controls blood pressure (BP) in a cohort of 95 patients with mild-to-moderate hypertension. The antihypertensive efficacy of azelnidipine in patients with mild-to-moderate hypertension was shown to be similar to that of amlodipine or nitrendipine in a randomised double-blind study. Azelnidipine and amlodipine controlled 24-hour BP to a similar extent. Azelnidipine is generally well tolerated. Vasodilator adverse events such as headache and hot facial flushes account for most of the adverse events. Its use is not associated with reflex tachycardia.

Iodoalphionic acid is the contrast medium, which was used for gallbladder examination. It is rarely appeared in the colon and, therefore, rarely masked the gallbladder. The density of the shadow produced by Iodoalphionic acid was greater than that produced by iodophthalein. It was reliable peroral cholecystographic medium, which was less objectionable to take and seldom causes vomiting. Diarrhoea occurred in some cases, but not more often than with tetraiodophenolphthalein. The ingestion of Iodoalphionic acid resulted in low thyroidal radioiodine accumulation for periods ranging from a few weeks to many months.

Mozavaptan hydrochloride was approved by Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency of Japan (PMDA) on July 26, 2006. It was developed and marketed as Physuline® by Otsuka in Japan. Mozavaptan hydrochloride is a vasopressin receptor antagonist. It is indicated for the treatment of hyponatremia due to excessive fluid retention when restriction of fluid intake is ineffective. Physuline® is available as film-coated tablet for oral use, containing 30 mg of Mozavaptan hydrochloride. The recommended dose is one tablet (30 mg) once daily after a meal.

Nitrocefin is a chromogenic cephalosporin substrate routinely used to detect the presence of beta-lactamase enzymes produced by various microbes. Intact beta-lactam antibiotics act as an analog to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) involved in peptidoglycan synthesis. Beta-lactamases hydrolyze the amide bond between the carbonyl carbon and the nitrogen in the beta-lactam ring of susceptible beta-lactams and members of beta-lactam subclasses (including certain cephalosporins). After hydrolysis of the amide bond, the antibiotic lacks the ability to mimic bacterial PBPs and is rendered useless. Visual detection of this process is essentially impossible with most cephalosporins because the shift of ultraviolet absorption from the intact versus hydrolyzed product occurs outside of the visible spectrum. Hydrolysis of nitrocefin, however, produces a shift of ultraviolet absorption inside the visible light spectrum from intact (yellow) nitrocefin (~380 nm) to degraded (red) nitrocefin (~500 nm) allowing visual detection of beta-lactamase activity on a macroscopic level.

Lithium orotate consists of lithium, an alkali metal, and orotic acid, a compound produced naturally in the body. Lithium orotate is marketed as a dietary supplement. It has a “GRAS” status. The chronic administration of lithium helps to support healthy mood by modulating NMDA receptors in the brain. Lithium also alters sodium transport and interferes with other ion exchange mechanisms, altering nerve conduction. Lithium can replace sodium in extracellular fluid. Recommended applications are: supports balanced mood; modulates polarization of cell membranes; ameliorates headaches; reduces alcohol cravings; supports healthy brain aging. Typical side effects are muscle weakness, apathy, loss of appetite (from all of one human trial).

Lobenzarit is an immunomodulator and antioxidative agent, which has been used successfully in Japan for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Lobenzarit is a scavenger of oxygen-free radicals such as hydroxyl radicals, superoxide, peroxyl and singlet oxygen. Side effects of this medicine are: decreased/considerably increased urinary volume, bloody urine, frequent urination.

Apramycin is a broad-spectrum aminocyclitol antibiotic produced by a strain of Streptomyces tenebrarius. It has a bactericidal action against many gram-negative bacteria. Apramycin is a structurally unique antibiotic that contains a bicyclic sugar moiety and a monosubstituted deoxystreptamine. It is not approved for use in humans. Apramycin is registered for use in more than twenty countries in cattle, pigs and chickens. The drug exerts its antibacterial effect by inhibiting protein synthesis at the level of peptidyl translocation. It is mostly used for treating gastrointestinal infections. Apramycin is available in soluble powder and feed premix formulations.

Levodropropizine is a non-opioid cough suppressant whose peripheral antitussive action may result from its modulation of sensory neuropeptide levels within the respiratory tract. Levodropropizine exerts its antitussive effect through an inhibitory action at the level of the airway sensory nerves and it has been shown to be able to inhibit in vitro the release of neuropeptides from C-fibers. Levodropropizine is an effective antitussive drug both in children and adults, showing statistically significant better outcomes vs. central antitussive drugs in terms of overall efficacy in reducing cough intensity, frequency and night awakenings. After oral administration, Levodropropizine is absorbed from the intestine, undergoes the first-pass metabolism and reaches peak plasma concentrations approximately 90 to 120 minutes after administration. Levocloperastine undergoes extensive biotransformation and is widely distributed throughout the body. Levocloperastine can cross the placental barrier (although to a moderate extent), but there is no evidence of accumulation, and is eliminated in the form of metabolites mainly in the faeces and to a lesser degree in the urine. The pharmacological effects of Levodropropizine were confirmed in large-scale clinical trials, non-blind or comparative. In the 10 trials reported here, oral Levodropropizine caused a rapid remission (after the first day of treatment) in cough symptoms (intensity and frequency of a daytime cough and disturbed night-time sleep) in all groups of patients. In children, the improved sleep quality resulted in a significant reduction in irritability and an overall improvement in their quality of life. Importantly, in adult patients with COPD, Levodropropizine reduced the frequency and intensity of dry unproductive cough without adversely influencing the beneficial effects of underlying treatment. In clinical trials, Levodropropizine was generally well tolerated, with mild and transient nausea the only adverse event reported. There was no evidence of central adverse events with Levodropropizine.