Clocapramine is a chlorinated derivative of carpipramine. The hydrochloride has been given orally in the treatment of schizophrenia. Clocapramine is an antagonist of the Dopamine D2 and Serotonine (5-HT2) receptors. It has been implicated in at least one strange death, including a suicide. It augments the paroxetine in the panic disorder treatment.

Cefteram is a semisynthetic cephalosporin formulated for oral administration as the prodrug ester, cefteram pivoxil. The mechanism of action of cefteram is inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. Cefteram exerts its bactericidal activity by strongly binding to penicillin-binding protein (PBP) 3, 1A, and 1Bs. The drug is available in Japan and is used for the treatment of bacterial infections.

Zabicipril is an ethyl ester prodrug that is converted in vivo to zabiciprilat. Zabicipril induced an early, potent, and long-lasting converting enzyme inhibition. Furthermore, zabicipril did not affect plasma catecholamines and atrial natriuretic factor. It is antihypertensive and peripheral vasodilator. In normal men, zabicipril increases the renal fraction of cardiac output in the absence of a concomitant change in systemic haemodynamics. This specific effect of zabicipril on the kidney may be less important with advancing age.

Nepaprazole is a proton pump inhibitor of substituted 2-(2-pyridinylmethylsulfinyl)-1H-benzimidazole class evaluated as useful drug for the clinical treatment of peptic ulcer diseases. The effects of the TY-11345 (nepaprazole sodium salt) on gastric mucosal proton pump (H+/K(+)-ATPase) activity, gastric acid secretion and gastro-duodenal lesions were investigated in experimental animals. TY-11345 potently inhibited H+/K(+)-ATPase activity in isolated rabbit gastric mucosal microsomes and the inhibitory effect was enhanced under weak acid conditions. In Ghosh & Schild rats, intravenous injection of TY-11345 significantly inhibited gastric acid secretion stimulated by tetragastrin; the effect of TY-11345 was twice as potent as that of omeprazole. In pylorus ligated rats, TY-11345 inhibited basal gastric acid secretion by both the intraduodenal and oral routes with 9 and 5 times more greater potency than those of omeprazole, respectively. The antisecretory effect of TY-11345 persisted for more than 24 h in pylorus ligated rats. In experimental ulcer models, TY-11345 prevented the formation of water-immersion stress, ethanol or indomethacin-induced gastric lesions and mepirizole-induced duodenal lesions in rats. The antiulcer effects of TY-11345 were 3 to 15 times more potent than those of omeprazole. These results suggested that TY-11345 had potent antisecretory and antiulcer effects which are exerted by suppression of H+/K(+)-ATPase activity in gastric parietal cells. Nepaprazole sodium had been studied in phase II clinical trials for treatment of gastric ulser but this research has been discontinued.

Efonidipine is a 1,4-dihydropyridine derivative for the treatment of hypertension and angina. Efonidipine exerts its antihypertensive and antianginal effects through blocking L- and T-type calcium channels.

Tertatolol is a beta-blocker with unique renal vasodilatatory effects, mainly at the level of the microcirculation. The mechanisms of this renal vasodilatation are not fully understood but might involve renal 5-HT1A receptor stimulation. It is a potent competitive antagonist of 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B receptors. Tertatolol inhibits human mesangial cell proliferation. Biochemical surveillance did not show any adverse metabolic effects of tertatolol. Tertatolol is rapidly and totally absorbed by the gastro-intestinal tract with a low presystemic metabolism, and the bioavailability is not affected by food intake. It is used as antihypertension agent.

Disodium iminodiacetate is a salt of iminodiacetic acid (IDA). The iminodiacetate anion can act as a tridentate ligand to form a metal complex with two, fused, five-membered chelate rings. Iminodiacetic acid is used to diagnose problems of the liver, gallbladder and bile ducts in an imaging procedure, called as hepatobiliary iminodiacetic acid (HIDA) scan. A nuclear medicine scanner tracks the flow of the tracer from the liver into the gallbladder and small intestine and creates computer images. In addition, iminodiacetate is a part of the iminodiacetate-modified poly-L-lysine dendrimer (IMPLD), a fluorescent bone-imaging agent. IMPLD is used in the diagnosis of bone tumors, or to be used for the delivery of chemotherapy drugs or therapeutic agents. Bones differ from other body tissues in their unique calcium mineral composition, which consists mainly of hydroxyapatite (HA). IDA functionalization could be used as a general approach to bone targeting by increasing affinity for HA, enabling the transport of other molecules or particles to bones.

Pyritinol is a semi natural analogue of water soluble vitamin B6. Pyritinol was synthetized way back in 1961 by Merck Laboratories. After years of research, it entered the market in the 1970s, where it was used for clinical applications – including treating stroke patients and those with Alzheimer’s. Since the 1990s, it has been sold as a nootropic dietary supplement in the United States and many other parts of the world. Pyritinol, unlike many other nootropics, has been approved for use as a medical treatment in countries around the world. Doctors in many European countries use Pyritinol to treat patients with chronic degenerative brain disorders – like dementia. Countries where Pyritinol is an approved treatment include Austria, Germany, France, Greece, Italy, and Portugal. France has approved the use of Pyritinol – but only as a treatment for rheumatoid arthritis. Pyritinol is not currently licensed for use in the United Kingdom, but in most other countries, it’s available online or through drug stores as an over the counter substance. Pyritinol is marketed under the brand names Encephabol, Encefabol and Cerbon 6. One of the known mechanisms of action of Pyritinol involves increasing choline uptake into your neurons and thereby increasing acetylcholine levels. Pyritinol is also a great effective precursor to dopamine, which is one of the neurotransmitter mood-boosters in the brain. Pyritinol has better conversion into the neurochemical. This drug increases dopamine, which can keep the brain from anxiety because a lower dopamine level is connected to mood disorders and depression.

Giractide is a polypeptide hormone corresponding to the first eighteen amino acid residues of corticotropin in which the 1-serine is replaced by glycine. Giractide acts through the stimulation of cell surface the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) receptors, which are primarily located on the adrenocortical cells. Giractide stimulates the cortex of the adrenal gland and boosts the synthesis of corticosteroids, mainly glucocorticoids but also sex steroids (androgens). Giractide has been studied in animal models to stimulate glucocorticoid production.

Tavilermide (also known as MIM-D3) was developed as a tyrosine kinase TrkA receptor agonist for the treatment of patients with dry eye. The drug was studied in phase III clinical trial in treating the signs and symptoms of dry eye. In addition, was assumed that tavilermide could be studied for glaucoma.