4,4’-Diamino-2,2’-stilbenedisulfonic acid (also known as amsonic acid) is used in the synthesis of dyes and optical brighteners or fluorescent whitening agents. Amsonic acid possesses estrogenic activity, and thus provided a possible mechanistic explanation for the complaints of impotency in factory workers exposed to this compound. In the 2-year feed studies on rodents, there was no evidence of carcinogenic activity of amsonic acid, in male or female F344/N rats receiving 12,500 or 25,000 ppm. In addition, there was no evidence of carcinogenic activity of this compound in male or female B6C3F1 mice receiving 6,250 or 12,500 ppm.

Adrenochrome is a member of a class of chemicals known as aminochromes, each one derived by the oxidation of its precursor amine. Adrenochrome was proposed for the biogenesis of schizophrenia in 1952. Since that time the adrenochrome theory has been one of the most established and discussed theories in this field. It is known, that adrenochrome is toxic to myocar-dial tissue and may be responsible for fibril-lation and sudden death under stress. Aminochrome has been suggested as a physiological preclinical model capable of inducing five of the six mechanisms of Parkinson's disease. Until now, there is no evidence that aminochrome induces glial activation related to neuroinflammation, an important mechanism involved in the loss of dopaminergic neurons, but was shown, aminochrome neuroinflammatory ability and supported the hypothesis that it might be a better PD preclinical model to find new pharmacological treatment that stop the development of this disease.

D-aspartic acid is an essential amino acid and a key ingredient in various testosterone boosting anti-estrogen supplements. D-aspartic acid is not used to build proteins; instead, it plays a role in making and releasing hormones in the body. It is an endogenous NMDA receptor agonist with similar activity to the L-isomer. D-aspartic acid also enhances the release of luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone. This action is mediated in the pituitary by cGMP and in the testis by cAMP, which acts as the second messengers in the signal transduction in the pituitary and testes respectively. The pituitary and testis possess a D-Aspartate racemase, which provides the necessary production of this isomer.

Bioresmethrin is a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide. It is the (+)-trans isomer of resmethrin which itself contains a minimum of 30% bioresmethrin. Bioresmethrin is the [1R, trans] isomer of resmethrin and has greater insecticidal activity than the racemic mixture. Bioresmethrin is a potent contact insecticide effective against a wide range of household insects, plant pests, grain pests and insects found in animal housing. It exhibits a high order of insecticidal activity, which when coupled with its excellent toxicological properties, makes it potentially one of the safest and most useful insecticides now being produced.

Ferrous sulfate FE-59 is a salt of radioactive isotope of iron. It has been used to evaluate the absorption of iron into the blood from different dietary iron sources including ferritin and ferrous sulfate. Ferrous sulfate is marketed as an OTC dietary supplement for iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia when the need for such therapy has been determined by a physician.

Daidzein, an isoflavonoid phytoestrogenic compound found in soybeans, possesses various biological properties. It may induce apoptosis of choriocarcinoma cells in a dose-dependent manner via the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, in addition, it promotes proliferation and differentiation in osteoblastic OCT1 cells via activation of the BMP-2/Smads pathway. Daidzein exerts neuroprotective effects through the novel extranuclear GPR30 and the classical transcriptionally acting ERβ.

Chlorogenic acid is the ester of caffeic acid and (-)-quinic acid. Chlorogenic acid is a naturally occurring plant metabolite and can be found with the related compounds cryptochlorgenic acid and neochlorogenic acid in the leaves of Hibiscus sabdariffa, coffee, potato, eggplant, peaches, and prunes. Chlorogenic acid has been investigated as a dietary supplement to improve glucose intolerant hypoglycemia and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. It has also been identified as a potential anticancer agent by reducing the expression of HIF-1a and Sphingosine Kinase-1. Chlorogenic acid was also identified as a neuraminidase blocker effective against influenza A virus (H1N1 and H3N2).

Remogliflozin is the active component of the pro-drug remogliflozin etabonate, which is used the treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis ("NASH") and type 2 diabetes. Remogliflozin inhibits the sodium-glucose transport proteins (SGLT), is selective for SGLT2, which is responsible for glucose reabsorption in the kidney. Blocking this transporter causes blood glucose to be eliminated through the urine.

Calcium magnesium carbonate (dolomite), a mineral with the chemical formula CaMg(CO3)2, is made up of 60% calcium carbonate (equivalent to 24% calcium) and 40% magnesium carbonate (equivalent to 12% magnesium). It is recommended by lay periodicals as a desirable source of calcium and magnesium, but found to be also a source of potentially toxic heavy metals. Exposure to high atmospheric concentrations of this compound is likely to be associated with respiratory symptoms.

Ferroheme is formed when iron is inserted into protoporphyrin IX. The active center of hemoglobin and myoglobin consists of iron Ferroheme complex bound through a single, “proximal”, axial histidine (His) to the protein It is an iron containing cofactor that is involved with a wide range of cellular functions including oxygen transport. The antimalarial activity of a number of artemisinin derivatives, both newly synthesized and currently used as drugs, against Plasmodium falciparum in culture shows a correlation with their affinity of binding with Ferroheme.