BX 471 is an oral nonpeptide chemokine receptor1 (CCR1) antagonist that was under clinical development with Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals (formerly Bayer Schering Pharma AG and Berlex) for the treatment of various inflammation-related disorders, including endometriosis. The CCR1 antagonist was also thought to have potential application in diagnostic imaging, particularly as an imaging biomarker for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Berlex initiated the development of the radiolabelled small molecule CCR1 antagonist, BX 471, for a specific diagnostic test for both early detection and for tracking disease progression following the discovery that the CCR1 protein was found in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease, and that increased levels of this protein were correlated with advancement of the disease. However, development of the agent for diagnostic imaging appears to have been discontinued. BX 471 was also in development for the treatment of autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis and psoriasis; however, development in these indications, as well as multiple myeloma and endometriosis, also appears to have been discontinued. A phase II study of BX 471 in endometriosis had been completed.

CC-401 is a potent inhibitor of all three forms of c-Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK) (Ki of 25 to 50 nM) and has at least 40-fold selectivity for JNK compared with other related kinases. Celgene was developing CC 401 for the treatment of cancer and inflammatory disorders. CC 401 was being developed in an IV formulation and was in a phase I trial in patients with refractory acute myelogenous leukaemia. However, trials have ended and the company is not pursuing CC 401, but will advance other JNK inhibitors.

SB-202190 is a potent inhibitor of MAPK14 and MAPK11. It has been investigated in a number of preliminary cell-based studies including several cancer models. SB-202190 has been shown to be a UVB protectant; SB-202190 strongly inhibits UVB induced COX-2 protein expression in HaCaT cells and markedly inhibits UVB induced cox-2 mRNA. SB-202190 induces apoptosis through activation of CPP32-like caspases. SB-202190 has been studied in animal models of the Renal Fibrosis and Pemphigus Vulgaris. It should be noted that in vivo use is most effective (at least for renal fibrosis) when SB-202190 is conjugated to lysozyme using a universal linkage system.

GW-788388 is a potent and selective inhibitor of ALK5 with IC50 of 18 nM in a cell-free assay, also inhibits TGF-β type II receptor and activin type II receptor activities, but does not inhibit BMP type II receptor. GW-788388 exhibits anti-fibrotic and cardioprotective activities. GW-788388 increases survival in studies of Trypanosoma infection and prevents Chagas disease-induced development of cardiac fibrosis. This compound also attenuates systolic dysfunction and left ventricular remodeling in animal models of myocardial infarction. In animal models of diabetes, GW-788388 decreases the occurrence of renal fibrosis. GW-788388 can inhibit TGF-b and activin signalling in vitro and attenuate renal fibrosis in vivo. By blocking the action of the ALK5 and TbRII kinase receptors, TGF-b-induced growth arrest, EMT, and ECM deposition were inhibited in vitro. TGF-b receptor kinase inhibition should attenuate fibrogenesis and improve the fibrotic outcome for patients suffering from diabetic nephropathy.

Oleanolic acid or oleanic acid is a naturally occurring pentacyclic triterpenoid. It is widely distributed in food and plants where it exists as a free acid or as an aglycone of triterpenoid saponins. Oleanolic acid protects the liver from acute chemically induced liver injury, fibrosis and cirrhosis caused by chronic liver diseases. Its possess cytotoxic activity against tumor cell lines

BX 471 is an oral nonpeptide chemokine receptor1 (CCR1) antagonist that was under clinical development with Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals (formerly Bayer Schering Pharma AG and Berlex) for the treatment of various inflammation-related disorders, including endometriosis. The CCR1 antagonist was also thought to have potential application in diagnostic imaging, particularly as an imaging biomarker for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Berlex initiated the development of the radiolabelled small molecule CCR1 antagonist, BX 471, for a specific diagnostic test for both early detection and for tracking disease progression following the discovery that the CCR1 protein was found in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease, and that increased levels of this protein were correlated with advancement of the disease. However, development of the agent for diagnostic imaging appears to have been discontinued. BX 471 was also in development for the treatment of autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis and psoriasis; however, development in these indications, as well as multiple myeloma and endometriosis, also appears to have been discontinued. A phase II study of BX 471 in endometriosis had been completed.

Oleanolic acid or oleanic acid is a naturally occurring pentacyclic triterpenoid. It is widely distributed in food and plants where it exists as a free acid or as an aglycone of triterpenoid saponins. Oleanolic acid protects the liver from acute chemically induced liver injury, fibrosis and cirrhosis caused by chronic liver diseases. Its possess cytotoxic activity against tumor cell lines