SELENATE ION is a compound containing an oxoanion with selenium in its highest oxidation state of VI. Selenates are analogous to sulfates and have similar chemistry, but unlike sulfate, selenate is a good oxidizer. Selenate is the form required by organisms that need selenium as a micronutrient. These organisms have the ability to acquire, metabolize and excrete selenium. The level at which selenium becomes toxic varies from species to species and is related to other environmental factors like pH and alkalinity that influence the concentration of selenite over selenate. Selenate and other forms of selenium are highest in areas where ancient seas have evaporated. These areas are enriched in selenium and over millennia, biologic adaptation has occurred.

Idebenone is a synthetic short-chain benzoquinone and a substrate for the enzyme NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1) capable of stimulating mitochondrial electron transport and supplementing cellular energy levels. Idebenone was initially developed by Takeda Pharmaceutical Company for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease and other cognitive defects. This has been met with limited success. The Swiss company Santhera Pharmaceuticals has started to investigate it for the treatment of neuromuscular diseases. In 2010, early clinical trials for the treatment of Friedreich’s ataxia and Duchenne muscular dystrophy have been completed. In clinical trials, Idebenone (Raxone/Catena) had a positive impact on a measurement of respiratory function (Peak Expiratory Flow, or PEF) in non-ambulatory Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients who were not taking steroids. As of December 2013 the drug is not approved for these indications in North America or Europe. It is approved for the treatment of Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) in Europe. Idebenone (Raxone) is indicated for the treatment of visual impairment in adolescent and adult patients with Leber’s Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON). Because the number of patients with Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy is low, the disease is considered ‘rare’, and Raxone was designated an ‘orphan medicine’ on 15 February 2007. Idebenone is thought to help improve production of energy by restoring mitochondrial function, thereby preventing the cellular damage and the loss of sight seen in LHON. Idebenone is a rapidly absorbed, safe and well-tolerated drug and is currently the only clinically proven treatment option for Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) patients.

Stearic monoethanolamide (widely known as N-stearoylethanolamine, NSE) is a biologically active cell membrane component with anti-inflammatory and membrane-protective properties. Preliminary data from a model of experimental burn in rats have shown that N-stearoylethanolamine externally applied has an anti-inflammatory effect. A significant decrease of cytokines (IL-1beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha) levels under the NSE action, it could be one of the mechanisms of its anti-inflammatory action. The large increase in the level of N-stearoylethanolamine in myalgic muscles may reflect an attempt by the body to counteract noxious processes and activation of nociceptors because of the myalgia. If this is the case, then compound preventing their breakdown N-stearoylethanolamine may be useful analgesics for this indication. In addition, recently was studied the therapeutic potential of NSE for prevention of cognitive disfunction caused by neuroinflammation or autoimmune reaction that allowed suggesting this drug as a candidate for the treatment or prophylaxis of Alzheimer's pathology.

Diosmetin is the aglycone of the flavonoid glycoside diosmin, which occurs naturally in citrus fruits. Diosmetin is found in the legume Acacia farnesiana Wild and Olea europaea L. leaves. Diosmin is hydrolyzed to its aglycone diosmetin by intestinal microflora enzymes before its absorption into the body. Pharmacologically, diosmetin is reported to exhibit anticancer, antimicrobial, antioxidant, oestrogenic and anti-inflammatory activities. Diosmetin increased inhibitory GSK-3beta phosphorylation, while selectively reducing gamma-secretase activity, Abetta generation, tau hyperphosphorylation and pro-inflammatory activation of microglia in vitro, without altering Notch processing. Therefore, diosmetin could be considered as potential candidate for novel anti- Alzheimer's disease therapy. Diosmetin is ER-beta agonist and potential novel drug for the acute myeloid leukemia treatment.

Isonicotinamide is the amide form of isonicotinic acid. It is often used as a scaffold for other synthetic compounds. Isonicotinamide has been identified as inducing apoptosis through DNA fragmentation in leukemia cell models and has been studied in mice or the prevention of diabetes. Isonicotinamide activates the NAD-dependent histone deacetylase SIR2 by raising intracellular NAD+ concentration.

3-N-Butylphthalide (NBP), a family comprised of optical isomers l-3-N-butylphthalide (l-NBP) and d-3-N-butylphthalide (d-NBP), with l-NBP being an extract from seeds of Apium graveolens Linn. (celery) and dl-3-N-butylphthalide (dl-NBP), a synthetized version, has been studied for its significant neuroprotective effects. NBP showed neuroprotective effects by decreasing oxidative damage, inhibiting inflammatory responses, improving mitochondrial function, and reducing neuronal apoptosis. NBP received approval by the State Food and Drug Administration of China for clinical use in stroke patients in 2002. It demonstrates a potential for the treatment of central nervous system diseases, including Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease.

Levomenol, or more formally α-(−)-bisabolol or (-)-alpha-bisabolol was identified as a major constituent of Salvia runcinata essential oil, a plant indigenous to South Africa. This compound exhibits pharmacological properties such as analgesic, antibiotic and anticancer activities. Mutagenicity and genotoxicity of bisabolol have also been investigated. Due to the low toxicity associated with bisabolol the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has granted this constituent with Generally Regarded as Safe (GRAS) status, which has promoted its use as an active ingredient in several commercial products. Recently provided experiments have shown the anti-amyloidogenic potential and anti-apoptotic property of the α-bisabolol against Aβ25-35 induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells. This compound prevented the oligomers formation as well as disaggregates the matured fibrils. It is known, that of the multiple etiological factors of Alzheimer's disease (AD), the accumulation of senile plaques (SPs) particularly as Aβ oligomers correlates with the relentlessness cognitive impairment in AD patients and play a vital role in AD pathology. As a conclusion obtained properties of α-bisabolol allowed suggesting, that this compound could be used as an excellent therapeutic drug to combat AD. Besides, anti-cancer activity of α-bisabolol was also studied. α-Bisabolol inhibited invasiveness and motility in pancreatic cancer through kisspeptin 1 receptor (KISS1R) activation. Further investigations are necessary to clarify the precise mechanisms of α-bisabolol activity for clinical application as a novel treatment for pancreatic cancer.

Mangiferin, a bioactive compound derived primarily from Anacardiaceae and Gentianaceae families and found in mangoes and honeybush tea, has been extensively studied for its therapeutic properties. Mangiferin has shown promising chemotherapeutic and chemopreventative potential. In traditional medicine, different cultures have cultivated and processed mangiferin rich plants for the treatment of a range of illnesses including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, infection and cancer. Mangiferin is primarily implicated in down-regulating inflammation, causing cell cycle arrest, reducing proliferation/metastasis, promoting apoptosis in malignant cells and protecting against oxidative stress and DNA damage. Mangiferin also enhances the capacity of the monocyte-macrophage system and possesses antibacterial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.

Doconexent (Docosahexaenoic acid, DHA) is an omega-3 fatty acid that is a primary structural component of the human brain, cerebral cortex, skin, and retina. DHA is widely used as a food supplement, and is beleived to support healthy brain development in young childred, prevent cardiovascular disease and cognitive decline during Alzheimer's disease. Most of these claims, however, were not supported by clinical trials. DHA spray is used as a tanner.

ETHYLBISIMINOMETHYLGUAIACOL MANGANESE CHLORIDE (EUK-134) is a synthetic manganese-porphyrin complex. It is a superoxide dismutase and catalase mimetic. EUK-134 can protect ischemically injured rat kidneys from ischemia-reperfusion syndrome when administered just before reperfusion. EUK-134 can markedly protect primary rat cortical neurons from hydrogen peroxide mediated oxidative stress. Treatment with EUK-134 prevented the force decrease and the actin modifications in pulmonary hypertension diaphragm bundles. EUK-134 is identified as a novel approach to attenuate cardiac hypertrophy and lends scope for the development of EUK-134 as a therapeutic agent in the management of human cardiovascular disease.