Fursultiamine, also known as thiamine tetrahydrofurfuryl disulfide (TTFD) is an oral FDA- approved thiamine derivative for treating vitamin B1 deficiency and is very rapidly metabolized into thiamine. Fursultiamine possesses a mild beneficial effect in patients with Alzheimer's disease. The improvement could be observed not only in their emotional or other mental symptoms but also in intellectual function. Only mildly impaired subjects showed cognitive improvement. In addition was shown, that fursultiamine have a beneficial clinical effect on some autistic children. Some relatively recent experiments have revealed that fursultiamine was a unique antagonist of hepcidin in vitro that could serve as a template for the development of drug candidates that inhibit the hepcidin-ferroportin interaction. This inhibition is a key for the treatment of anemia of inflammation (AI), a common in patients with infection, autoimmune diseases, cancer, and chronic kidney disease.

Macelignan is a neuroprotective lingan isolated from nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) that protects dopaminergic neurons from inflammatory degeneration. Macelignans have been shown to possess a broad range of pharmacological properties, including anti-bacterial, antiinflammatory, and anti-cancer activity. It has also been demonstrated that macelignans have anti-diabetes, hepatoprotective, and more importantly, neuroprotective properties. Apparently, the neuroprotective effect of macelignan is mediated by PPARγ activation and arginase-1 expression. Macelignan inhibits LPS induced production of NO as well and inflammatory cytokines including TNF and IL- 1β in primary cultures of microglia. Macelignan reduced serum glucose, insulin, triglycerides, free fatty acid levels, and triglycerides levels in the skeletal muscle and liver of db/db mice. Furthermore, macelignan significantly improved glucose and insulin tolerance in these mice, and without altering food intake, their body weights were slightly reduced while weights of troglitazone-treated mice increased. Macelignan increased adiponectin expression in adipose tissue and serum, whereas the expression and serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 decreased. Macelignan downregulated inflammatory gene expression in the liver and increased AMP-activated protein kinase activation in the skeletal muscle of db/db mice. Strikingly, macelignan reduced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase activation in the liver and adipose tissue of db/db mice and subsequently increased insulin signaling.

Naringenin is one of the most abundant flavonoids in natural citrus fruits and has been studied as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent. Besides, it has been investigated for its ability to inhibit the growth of breast, colon, gastric and prostate cancer cells. Experiments on rodents have revealed, that naringenin is a component of Drynaria Rhizome and can enhance memory function and ameliorate Alzheimer's disease pathologies. Using the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, a rodent model of human multiple sclerosis was determined that naringenin may have a potential to ameliorate autoimmune disease by favorably modulating autoimmune response. The precise mechanism of action of naringenin compound is not clear, but it is known, that it is a partial agonist of estrogen receptor that can act as a competitive antagonist in the presence of a potent (or full) agonist. In addition, it binds to collapsin response mediator protein 2 protein (CRMP2) and reduces the Aβ-induced phosphorylation of CRMP2, resulting in axonal growth facilitation.

L-acetylcarnitine or acet-L-carnitine, a compound, naturally produced by the body, is necessary for fatty-acid metabolism and energy production. It is often taken as a dietary supplement. The mechanisms of action of acetylcarnitine have not been fully elucidated, but it seems that the main role of acetylcarnitine is to donate an acetyl group during fatty acid metabolism to help transport fatty acids, such as acetyl CoA, into the mitochondrial matrix where fatty acid metabolism occurs. L-acetylcarnitine is an investigational drug, which is approved in some countries, for example in Italy for diabetic neuropathy. Phase IV of clinical trials have revealed, that it also effective agent to treat the Alzheimer's disease. In contrary, the efficacy of L-acetylcarnitine as a prophylaxis in migraine patients did not provide evidence of benefit for efficacy. Besides, Acetyl-L-carnitine was in clinical trial Phase III to investigate its efficacy in the treatment of peripheral sensory neuropathy that anti-cancer chemotherapeutics induce. Recently published article unexpectedly discovered that this drug increased chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy in a randomized trial.

Methylinositol is a natural product in the family of inositols. It is found in many foods as well as pine tree bark. Methylinositol is found naturally in many foods and is commercially available as an approved food supplement. Methylinositol can mediate insulin action to improve glycemic control and insulin sensitivity in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, especially in patients with insulin resistance. It plays a positive role in regulating insulin-mediated glucose uptake in the liver through translocation and activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. The compound also modulates gamma-secretase to reduce A-betta production while sparing cleavage of the gamma-secretase substrate Notch. Methylinositol improves cognitive function and memory deficits in preclinical models of Alzheimer's disease (AD) neuropathology. Methylinositol was will tolerated in the population of AD subjects of varying age and severity. No serious adverse effects were detected in clinical trials. Many plant-derived compounds have excellent therapeutic potential against various human ailments. It was shown, that methylinositol mitigates tumor growth by modulating interleukins and hormones and induces apoptosis in rat breast carcinogenesis through inhibition of NF-κB.

Asiaticoside is a triterpene found in Centella that exhibits anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, cognition enhancing, antipyretic, antioxidative, pro-angiogenic, anticancer chemotherapeutic, and chemopreventive activities. Asiaticoside inhibits melanogenesis by decreasing DNA binding by MITF; as a result, it is occasionally used in skin whitening treatments. Asiaticoside induces apoptosis, increases activation of caspase 3, decreases release of TNF-α and IL-1β, and suppresses tumor development and size in animal models of breast cancer. In animal models of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion, asiaticoside improves memory and learning deficits and decreases levels of IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β. Additionally, asiaticoside decreases LPS-induced inflammation and fever, suppresses activity of myeloperoxidase, and increases activity of heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) in vivo. Asiaticoside exhibits significant wound healing activity in normal as well as delayed healing models, increasing cell migration, attachment, and growth in vitro. Asiaticoside is an active ingredient of Madecassol, marketed in Korea as wound healing agent for traumatic or surgical wounds, burns, skin grafts, fistulas, abnormal retractile or decubitus scars, cutaneomucous lesions in ENT, gynaecology, ulcerous lesions in leprosy, striae distensae, cellulitis, varicose leg ulcers, haemorrhoid..

Icariin is a naturally occurring compound isolatable from several plant species within the genus Epimedium which is mostly endemic to China. Plant extracts containing icarrin have been used in traditional Chinese medicine as aphrodisiacs and to treat erectile dysfunction. Icariin has been investigated in humans as a treatment method for bipolar disorder and alcohol or cocaine abuse (Phase III). For the treatment of impotence, icariin has been shown to be a weak PDE5 inhibitor capable of enhancing the production of nitric oxide. Also related to PDE5 activity icarrin has been investigated as a potential treatment in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease. Icariin is sold worldwide as an over-the-counter medication for sexual performance, athletic performance, and other health benefits (it improves memory function, protects from osteoporosis, etc).

Kinetin (6-furfuryladenine) is a biologically active natural phytochemical. It belongs to the category of cytokinins, the natural plant growth hormones that promote cell division and play role in cell differentiation. Kinetin functions as an essential growth hormone, which can influence cell growth and differentiation. It can delay and offset aging characteristics such as cell growth rate and size. It is claimed to reduce wrinkles and improve skin texture, telangiectasia, and mottled hyperpigmentation, although there is limited information to support this.

Hesperetin is a cholesterol-lowering flavanoid found in a number of citrus juices. It appears to reduce cholesteryl ester mass and inhibit apoB secretion by up to 80%. Hesperetin may have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, hypolipidemic, vasoprotective and anticarcinogenic actions. In vitro research also suggests the possibility that hesperetin might have some anticancer effects and that it might have some anti-aromatase activity, as well as activity again. Hesperetin reduces or inhibits the activity of acyl-coenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase genes (ACAT1 and ACAT2) and it reduces microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) activity. Hesperetin also seems to upregulate the LDL receptor. This leads to the reduced assembly and secretion of apoB-containing lipoproteins and enhanced reuptake of those lipoproteins, thereby lowering cholesterol levels. Hesperetin's 7-O-glycoside, hesperidin, is a naturally occurring flavanon-glycoside, the main flavonoid in lemons and sweet oranges.

Tetrapeptide-15 (Endomorphin-2) is an endogenous agonist at μ-opioid receptors (μORs) in the spinal cord; it exhibits antinociceptive/analgesic, immunosuppressive, and pro-angiogenic activities. Endomorphin-2 increases pain thresholds in animal models of thermal pain and inhibits the formation of antibodies in other cellular models. In HUVECs, this peptide stimulates proliferation, migration, adhesion, and tube formation.