Lisinopril is a potent, competitive inhibitor of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). Lisinopril is marketed under the brand name ZESTRIL. ZESTRIL is indicated for the treatment of hypertension. It may be used alone as initial therapy or concomitantly with other classes of antihypertensive agents. It is also indicated as adjunctive therapy in the management of heart failure in patients who are not responding adequately to diuretics and digitalis. Lisinopril inhibits angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) in human subjects and animals. ACE is a peptidyl dipeptidase that catalyzes the conversion of angiotensin I to the vasoconstrictor substance, angiotensin II. Angiotensin II also stimulates aldosterone secretion by the adrenal cortex. The beneficial effects of lisinopril in hypertension and heart failure appear to result primarily from suppression of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Inhibition of ACE results in decreased plasma angiotensin II which leads to decreased vasopressor activity and to decreased aldosterone secretion. While the mechanism through which ZESTRIL lowers blood pressure is believed to be primarily suppression of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, ZESTRIL is antihypertensive even in patients with low-renin hypertension.

Atenolol is a Beta-1 cardio-selective adreno-receptor blocking agent discovered and developed by ICI in 1976. Atenolol was launched in the market under the trade name Tenormin in 1976, and became the best-selling Beta-blocker in the world in the 1980s and 1990s. TENORMIN is indicated for the treatment of hypertension, to lower blood pressure; also for the long-term management of patients with angina pectoris and also is indicated in the management of hemodynamically stable patients with definite or suspected acute myocardial infarction to reduce cardiovascular mortality. Like metoprolol, atenolol competes with sympathomimetic neurotransmitters such as catecholamines for binding at beta(1)-adrenergic receptors in the heart and vascular smooth muscle, inhibiting sympathetic stimulation. This results in a reduction in resting heart rate, cardiac output, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and reflex orthostatic hypotension. Higher doses of atenolol also competitively block beta(2)-adrenergic responses in the bronchial and vascular smooth muscles. Hypotensive mechanism of atenolol is very complex. Decrease in CO and inhibition of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system may mainly be responsible for hypotension. It is likely that potassium retaining action of atenolol partly contributes to its hypotensive action. It is also hypothetized that renal kallikrein-kinin system may play a role in modulating the hypotensive action of atenolol.

Technetium TC 99M Pyrophosphate is a radionuclide imaging agent used primarily in scintigraphy or tomography of the heart to evaluate the extent of the necrotic myocardial process. It has also been used in noninvasive tests for the distribution of organ involvement in different types of amyloidosis and for the evaluation of muscle necrosis in the extremities. It is also used to demonstrate areas of altered osteogenesis. May also be used to image gated blood pools and detect gastrointetinal bleeding.

Oxygen is a chemical element with atomic number 8. Diatomic oxygen constitutes 20.8% of the Earth's atmosphere. Diatomic oxygen is used by complex life forms such as animals, in cellular respiration. Medical oxygen is widely used in clinical practice to provide a basis for most modern anaesthetic techniques; to restore the tissue oxygen tension towards normal by improving oxygen availability in a wide range of conditions such as shock, severe haemorrhage, coronary occlusion, carbon monoxide poisoning, major trauma; to aid the resuscitation of the critically ill, when the circulation is impaired; to aid in neonatal resuscitation; to treat acute severe headache in adults diagnosed with cluster headache.

Pirinixic acid is a PPARα ligand that can affect atherogenesis by modulating hepatic lipid metabolism and by acting directly on vascular tissue. PPARα activation is generally assumed to be the primary means by which Pirinixic acid produces its biological effects. Nevertheless, there is increasing evidence to suggest that Pirinixic acid is also capable of affecting cellular processes directly. It is under experimental investigation for prevention of severe cardiac dysfunction, cardiomyopathy and heart failure as a result of lipid accumulation within cardiac myocytes. Treatment is primarily aimed at individuals with an adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) enzyme deficiency or mutation. For example, cardiac contractility was improved by treating ATGL(-/-) mice with the Pirinixic acid.

semisynthetic C3 acetyl ester of the aglycone strophanthidin. Acetylstrophanthidin inhibits sodium-potassium adenosinetriphosphatase (Na -K ATPase) and causes an inotropic effect. The effect of acetylstrophanthidin is first seen within half a minute to five minutes and becomes maximal in about ten minutes. This rapid action obviates the effect of time, which is so important for subsidence of precipitationg causes of cardiac failure. Severe pulmonic, coronary, and aortic valvular disease, as well as old age, tended to predispose the patients to unusual acetylstrophanthidin sensitivity. Acetylstrophanthidin may cause nausea and vomiting.

2,3,5-Triphenyltetrazolium Chloride (TTC) is a redox indicator. In the TTC assay (also known as TTC test or tetrazolium test), TTC is used to differentiate between metabolically active and inactive tissues or cells. The white compound is enzymatically reduced to red TPF (1,3,5-triphenylformazan) in living tissues or cells due to the activity of various dehydrogenases (enzymes important in oxidation of organic compounds and thus cellular metabolism), while it remains as white TTC in areas of necrosis since these enzymes have been either denatured or degraded. TTC test is a reliable, sensitive, and specific adjunct in the examination of the human heart at necropsy to diagnose acute myocardial infarction in the human population. In addition TTC test may be used for diagnostics of bacteriuria.

Coumarin itself was first isolated from the tonka bean Coumarouna odorata. Coumarin and its derivatives are alpha-benzopyrones. Coumarin is metabolized in humans to 7-hydroxycoumarin. Coumarin is a secondary phytochemical with hepatotoxic and carcinogenic properties. For the carcinogenic effect, a genotoxic mechanism was considered possible. Coumarins have a significant effect on physiological, bacteriostatic and anti-tumor activity. Coumarins have potent edema protective function and thus involved in the treatment of lymphedema, elephantiasis and other high protein edema conditions. Coumarin has appetite-suppressing properties.

Inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi ) has long been known as a by-product of many intracellular biosynthetic reactions. PPi plays the regulatory role in living systems, such as activities of enzymes, fidelity of syntheses of macromolecules, and proliferation of cells. PPi is used as a biochemical energy source instead of ATP especially in bacteria, protists, and plants. PPi may also regulate the formation and dissolution of bone as well as pathologic calcification of soft tissues and the formation of urinary stones. The formation of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals in the extracellular fluids of joints cause the disease called pseudogout. Sodium, potassium and calcium pyrophosphates (E450) are used as food additives as buffers and emulsifiers.

Alprenolol is a beta adrenoreceptor blocking agent and 5HT1A antagonist, developed by AstraZeneca and now available as generic drug. It is used for treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris due to coronary atherosclerosis and acute myocardial infarction.