Fludiazepam is a potent benzodiazepine and 2ʹ-fluoro derivative of diazepam,[3] originally developed by Hoffman-La Roche in the 1960s. Fludiazepam is marketed in Japan and Taiwan under the brand name Erispan. Fludiazepam exerts its pharmacological properties via enhancement of GABAergic inhibition. Fludiazepam has 4 times more binding affinity for benzodiazepine receptors than diazepam. Fludiazepam possesses anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, sedative, hypnotic and skeletal muscle relaxant properties.

Nizofenone (Ekonal, Midafenone) is a neuroprotective drug which protects neurons from death following cerebral anoxia (interruption of oxygen supply to the brain). It might thus be useful in the treatment of acute neurological conditions such as stroke. Nizofenone ameliorates various pathophysiologic events during ischemia, such as ATP depletion, lactate accumulation, glutamate release, free fatty acid liberation, edema, and neuronal degeneration; in particular, ischemia-induced excessive glutamate release has been completely blocked by this drug. This drug has also radical-scavenging action, comparable to vitamin E, and inhibits oxygen radical-induced lipid peroxidation. The potent cerebroprotective effect of nizofenone has been demonstrated in various experimental models of cerebral hypoxia, ischemia (focal and global), ischemia-reperfusion, and infarction. The clinical efficacy of nizofenone has been proved by pioneering double-blind studies in acute subarachnoid hemorrhage patients. Nizofenone is clinically used for preventing the delayed ischemic neurologic deficits due to late vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Propionylpromazine is used as a neuroleptic to combat stress in pets and farm animals. The main use is to combat stress in the transport of pigs. Propionylpromazine was in common use in veterinary practice in the 1950s and 1960s. Propionylpromazine is of interest to JECFA because of the illicit use at pharmacological dosage (< 1 mg/kg i.m.) in the immediate pre-slaughter period.

Perazine (Taxilan) is a moderate-potency typical antipsychotic of the phenothiazine class. Perazine is an older antipsychotic drug first introduced in the 1950s. It is suggested to have a low level of side effects (especially for movement disorders). Its use is regional and restricted to countries like Germany, Poland, the Netherlands and the former Yugoslavia. Perazine has being shown to be a potent inhibitor of human CYP1A2. It acts as a dopamine antagonist.

Etifoxine (etafenoxine, StresamⓇ) is a non-benzodiazepine anxiolytic with an anticonvulsant effect. It was developed in the 1960s for anxiety disorders and is currently being studied for its ability to promote peripheral nerve healing and to treat chemotherapy-induced pain. In addition to being mediated by GABA-A2 receptors like benzodiazepines, etifoxine appears to produce anxiolytic effects directly by binding to 2 or 3 subunits of the GABAA receptor complex. It also modulates GABAA receptors indirectly via stimulation of neurosteroid production after etifoxine binds to the 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO) of the outer mitochondrial membrane in the central and peripheral nervous systems, previously known as the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor (PBR). Therefore, the effects of etifoxine are not completely reversed by the benzodiazepine antagonist flumazenil. Etifoxine is used for various emotional and bodily reactions followed by anxiety. It is contraindicated in situations such as shock, severely impaired liver or kidney function, and severe respiratory failure. The average dosage is 150 mg per day for no more than 12 weeks. The most common adverse effect is drowsiness at the initial stage. It does not usually cause any withdrawal syndromes. In conclusion, etifoxine shows less adverse effects of anterograde amnesia, sedation, impaired psychomotor performance, and withdrawal syndromes than those of benzodiazepines.

Xaliproden is an orally active 5HT1-A receptor antagonist that was being developed by Sanofi. It has been evaluated for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and protection against peripheral neurotoxicity associated with certain cancer chemotherapies. Two large, 18-month, clinical trials of xaliproden (monotherapy or adjunctive therapy, respectively) in patients with mild to moderate AD (MMSE, 16–26, inclusive) were completed in 2007. Failure to demonstrate sufficient efficacy in both trials resulted in cancelation of the xaliproden development program for AD in September 2007.

Dapoxetine hydrochloride is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRIs). In addition, dapoxetine inhibits voltage-dependent K+ (Kv) channels in a dose-, time-, use-, and state (open)-dependent manner, independent of serotonin reuptake inhibition. Dapoxetine is indicated for the treatment of premature ejaculation (PE) in men 18 to 64 years of age, who have all of the following: persistent or recurrent ejaculation with minimal sexual stimulation before, on, or shortly after penetration and before the patient wishes; and marked personal distress or interpersonal difficulty as a consequence of PE; and poor control over ejaculation. The mechanism of action of dapoxetine in premature ejaculation is presumed to be linked to the inhibition of neuronal reuptake of serotonin and the subsequent potentiation of the neurotransmitter's action at pre- and post-synaptic receptors. The most common effects when taking dapoxetine are nausea, dizziness, dry mouth, headache, diarrhea, and insomnia.

Choline alfoscerate (alpha-Glycerylphosphorylcholine or Alpha-GPC) is a nootropic choline-containing phospholipid. Choline alphoscerate increases the release of acetylcholine in rat hippocampus, facilitates learning and memory in experimental animals, improves brain transduction mechanisms and decreases age-dependent structural changes occurring in rat brain areas involved in learning and memory. The compound exerts neuroprotective effects in models of altered cholinergic neurotransmission and of brain vascular injury. In clinical studies choline alphoscerate improved memory and attention impairment, as well as affective and somatic symptoms in dementia disorders. In Europe alpha-GPC is a prescription medication for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. It is available in two forms; one is taken by mouth, and the other is given as a shot. In the United States alpha-GPC is only available as a dietary supplement, mostly in products promoted to improve memory. Other uses for alpha-GPC include treatment of various kinds of dementia, stroke, and "mini-stroke" (transient ischemic attack, TIA). Alpha-GPC is also used for improving memory, thinking skills, and learning.

Flunarizine is a selective calcium entry blocker with calmodulin binding properties and histamine H1 / dopamine D2 blocking activity. It is not available in the US but marketed in other countries for prophylaxis of a migraine, occlusive peripheral vascular disease, the vertigo of central and peripheral origin, motion sickness and as an adjuvant in the therapy of epilepsy. The drug is also investigated for the treatment of schizophrenia.

Deltamethrin (DLM) is a pyrethroid insecticide and veterinary treatment that is approved for use in the EU, Australia and the USA. It has a low aqueous solubility, is semi-volatile and has a low potential to leach to groundwater. It is not persistent in soil and is non-mobile. Deltamethrin is highly toxic to humans and other mammals and is a neurotoxin. It is relatively non-toxic to birds and earthworms although it presents a high risk to most aquatic organisms and honeybees. Recent in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that the deltamethrin have the potential to induce apoptogenic signaling pathways which plays an important role in the mechanism of anticancer action. Thus, deltamethrin thereof could have the potential to develop as an anticancer agent.