LP-20 (1-[2-(4-Methoxyphenyl)phenyl]piperazine) is a potent serotonin 5-HT7 receptor antagonist with a low binding affinity for the 5-HT1A and adrenergic 1 receptor. In animal models LP-20 was investigated as a potential positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracer, due to high synthetic availability of 11C radiolabeled compound. Although [11C] LP-20 exhibited in vitro binding with 5-HT7, moderate brain uptake and relatively stable metabolism in the brain, in vivo evaluation showed limited specificity of [11C] LP-20 for 5-HT7.

Madecassoside is a triterpenoid compound found in Centella asiatica (Gotu kola), a medicinal herb used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), Ayurvedic medicine, and traditional African medicine. Madecassoside has a wide range of reported biological activities including, anti-inflammatory, wound healing, and anti-oxidant activities. It has been reported to suppress LPS-induced TNF-alpha production via inhibition of ERK, p38, and NF-kappaB activity. Madecassoside, a triterpenoid derivative isolated from Centella asiatica, exhibits anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. Madecassoside significantly reduced brain infarct area, resolved neurological deficit, and ameliorated neuronal apoptosis. It also significantly reduced the levels of malondialdehyde and nitric oxide, and augmented the antioxidant activity in rats subjected to cerebral I/R. Moreover, the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and NF-κB p65 significantly reduced after madecassoside treatment. Madecassoside is neuroprotective and may be useful in reducing the damage caused by stroke. Madecassoside has being shown to inhibits melanin synthesis by blocking ultraviolet-induced inflammation.

Styrene is used in the production of polystyrene plastics and resins, and in the synthesis of materials for ion exchange resins, and copolymer production. Styrene was originally extracted from the tree storax in 19th century. Its use in rubber production started at the beginning of the 20th century after in E.P. Heinmenn et al succeed in accelerating the polymerization of styrene to rubber in 1910. It is an oily colorless to yellow liquid found in many consumer products (plastic packaging, food containers, and household goods). Short-term exposure to styrene results in respiratory effects, eye irritation, and gastrointestinal effects. Long-term exposure has effects on the central nervous system. Exposure to styrene occurs due to emissions from building materials, consumer products, tobacco smoke, vehicle exhaust or occupational exposure during its industrial processing. Styrene is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen.

Chrysin (aka 5,7-dihydroxyflavone) is a naturally occurring flavone found in honey, propolis, honeycomb, passion flowers, and Oroxylum indicum. Chrysin is used as an ingredient in dietary supplements and topical medications which are marketed to improve physical performance o treat various conditions. It has also been investigated for its immunoregulatory, anti-inflammatory an neuroprotective properties. Chrysin appears to be poorly absorbed and readily metabolize.

SELENATE ION is a compound containing an oxoanion with selenium in its highest oxidation state of VI. Selenates are analogous to sulfates and have similar chemistry, but unlike sulfate, selenate is a good oxidizer. Selenate is the form required by organisms that need selenium as a micronutrient. These organisms have the ability to acquire, metabolize and excrete selenium. The level at which selenium becomes toxic varies from species to species and is related to other environmental factors like pH and alkalinity that influence the concentration of selenite over selenate. Selenate and other forms of selenium are highest in areas where ancient seas have evaporated. These areas are enriched in selenium and over millennia, biologic adaptation has occurred.

Ursolic acid is a natural terpene compond found in a wide variety of plants but most well known for being in apple peels. Ursolic acid has a series of biological effects such as sedative, anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, anti-diabetic, antiulcer, antitumor etc. Ursolic acid has been shown to target multiple proinflammatory transcription factors, cell cycle proteins, growth factors, kinases, cytokines, chemokines, adhesion molecules, and inflammatory enzymes. Evidences suggest that ursolic acid could be used as a potential candidate to develop a comprehensive competent strategy towards the treatment and prevention of health disorders. Although the science is preliminary, it seems to be able to reduce fat accumulation and increase muscle mass gain when in a fed state, and to induce fat burning and preserve muscle mass when in a fasted state.

Osthol is an O-methylated coumarin found in plants such as Cnidium monnieri, Angelica archangelica and Angelica pubescens which are often used in traditional eastern medicine. It is known to be a calcium channel blocker and is reported to have neuroprotective, osteogenic, immunomodulatory, anticancer, hepatoprotective, cardiovascular protective, and antimicrobial activities.

Indeloxazine is a neuroleptic, originally developed and marketed in Japan. It is indicated to allay autonomic hyperactivity following cerebral infarction, cerebral haemorrhage or atherosclerosis. It was found to be a weak inhibitor of both type A and type B monoamine oxidases. Indeloxazine-induced facilitation of acetylcholine release in frontal cortex is mediated by endogenous 5-HT and involves at least in part cortical 5-HT4 receptors. As a potential teratogen, Indeloxazine must not be consumed or handled by pregnant or nursing women, or by women who might become pregnant. It was removed from the market reportedly for lack of effectiveness.

Acepromazine a potent neuroleptic agent with a low order of toxicity, is of particular value in the tranquilization of dogs, cats and horses. Its rapid action and lack of hypnotic effect are added advantages. Acepromazine is a commonly used tranquilizer/sedative in dogs, cats, horses, and other animals. Veterinarians typically prescribe acepromazine to quiet agitated animals or use it as a part of an anesthetic protocol. It is important to note that when used alone, acepromazine is not an effective pain reliever and does little if anything to relieve a pet’s anxiety or fear. Acepromazine can also be used to treat motion sickness and nausea associated with car or plane rides. The mechanism by which acepromazine decreases a pet’s alertness is not fully understood. It is thought to block dopamine receptors in the brain or inhibit the activity of dopamine in other ways.

Idebenone is a synthetic short-chain benzoquinone and a substrate for the enzyme NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1) capable of stimulating mitochondrial electron transport and supplementing cellular energy levels. Idebenone was initially developed by Takeda Pharmaceutical Company for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease and other cognitive defects. This has been met with limited success. The Swiss company Santhera Pharmaceuticals has started to investigate it for the treatment of neuromuscular diseases. In 2010, early clinical trials for the treatment of Friedreich’s ataxia and Duchenne muscular dystrophy have been completed. In clinical trials, Idebenone (Raxone/Catena) had a positive impact on a measurement of respiratory function (Peak Expiratory Flow, or PEF) in non-ambulatory Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients who were not taking steroids. As of December 2013 the drug is not approved for these indications in North America or Europe. It is approved for the treatment of Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) in Europe. Idebenone (Raxone) is indicated for the treatment of visual impairment in adolescent and adult patients with Leber’s Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON). Because the number of patients with Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy is low, the disease is considered ‘rare’, and Raxone was designated an ‘orphan medicine’ on 15 February 2007. Idebenone is thought to help improve production of energy by restoring mitochondrial function, thereby preventing the cellular damage and the loss of sight seen in LHON. Idebenone is a rapidly absorbed, safe and well-tolerated drug and is currently the only clinically proven treatment option for Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) patients.