Berberine, an alkaloid isolated from Rhizoma Coptidis, is known to have a wide array of therapeutic effects including antimicrobial, antineoplastic, and hepatoprotective effects. It is found in several plants including European barberry, goldenseal, goldthread, Oregon grape, phellodendron, and tree tumeric. Berberine seems to slightly reduce blood sugar levels in people with diabetes. Berberine might lower blood pressure. Berberine is possibly safe for most adults for short-term use when taken by mouth or applied to the skin.

Amosulalol is a beta- and alpha-1 adrenoceptor-blocking agent developed for the treatment of hypertension. Amosulalol does not cross blood brain barrier and does not have adverse affect on CNS system.The drug is marketed under the name Lowgan in Japan and Korea.

Berberine, an alkaloid isolated from Rhizoma Coptidis, is known to have a wide array of therapeutic effects including antimicrobial, antineoplastic, and hepatoprotective effects. It is found in several plants including European barberry, goldenseal, goldthread, Oregon grape, phellodendron, and tree tumeric. Berberine seems to slightly reduce blood sugar levels in people with diabetes. Berberine might lower blood pressure. Berberine is possibly safe for most adults for short-term use when taken by mouth or applied to the skin.

2′-Deoxyadenosine, a pair of deoxythymidine (T) in double-stranded DNA, is a substrate of adenosine deaminase. In case of absence of this enzyme, 2′-deoxyadenosine accumulates in T lymphocytes and kills these cells resulting in a genetic disorder known as adenosine deaminase severe combined immunodeficiency disease (ADA-SCID).

Sodium gualenate (Azunol ST Tablets) is a water-soluble derivative of azulene, a natural product which is an antiinflammatory component of chamomile of the family of Asteraceae. Sodium gualenate was originally studied as an antiulcer agent, is primary indicated in conditions like Duodenal ulcer, Gastric ulcer, Gastritis, but it is also clinically used as a therapeutic agent in the treatment of inflammation of the mouth and throat, for example, pharyngitis as well as other inflammatory diseases such as tonsillitis, stomatitis and conjunctivitis. Although the mechanism by which sodium azulene sulfonate inhibited the capsaicin-induced pharyngitis is not yet unraveled, antioxidative effect, but not inhibitory effect on cyclooxygenase pathway, might be involved.

Uridine 5'-triphosphate (UTP, INS316) is a naturally occurring agonist for P2Y(2) receptors on the apical surface of ciliated respiratory epithelium. INS316, being developed by Inspire Pharmaceuticals, is a short-acting, aerosolized uridine 5-triphosphate (UTP) solution used as a diagnostic aid for lung cancer. INS316 appears to improve sputum expectoration mediated through the P2Y2 receptor, a nucleotide receptor expressed in human airway epithelial cells and some other tissues. UTP binding to the P2Y2 receptor triggers signal transduction that leads to chloride ion secretion, thereby resulting in mucociliary clearance of airway. UTP stimulates salt and water transport and cilia beat frequency in human airway epithelium in vitro. Single, inhaled doses of UTP stimulate mucociliary clearance in conscious, intubated sheep and in patients with mild chronic bronchitis (smokers and former smokers), suggesting that UTP may be useful for obtaining deep-lung sputum specimens suitable for diagnostic purposes. A single dose of INS316 safely improves the ability of patients with mild chronic bronchitis to expectorate a deep-lung sputum specimen suitable for cytologic evaluation.

Citicoline (CDP-choline; cytidine 5'-diphosphocholine) is a novel nutrient with a broad spectrum of benefits for conditions associated with symptoms of neurological dysfunction shows promise of clinical efficacy in elderly patients with cognitive deficits, inefficient memory, and early-stage Alzheimer's disease. Citicoline has also been investigated as a therapy in stroke patient. Despite it was approved in some countries for treatment Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI), the use of this drug for acute TBI seems to have no field of support anymore, whereas it may have some benefits in improving the neuro-cognitive state in chronic TBI patients. It's also recommended to keep in mind acute interventions like Psychological First Aid (PFA) during acute TBI management. Citicoline plays several important roles in human physiology, including enhancement of structural integrity and signaling for cell membranes, support of acetylcholine synthesis, and synthesis of betaine, a methyl donor. The precise mechanism of action of Citicoline to treat disease is unknown, but was confirmed, that drug might increase phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho) synthesis and might reverse PtdCho loss. In addition, was shown, that citicoline modulates phospholipids metabolism and neurotransmitter levels and appears to improve cognition in some central nervous system disorders such as bipolar disorder and cocaine dependence. Bipolar disorder is associated with the highest rates of substance abuse of any psychiatric disorder. Cocaine use is particularly common in patients with bipolar disorder.

Berberine, an alkaloid isolated from Rhizoma Coptidis, is known to have a wide array of therapeutic effects including antimicrobial, antineoplastic, and hepatoprotective effects. It is found in several plants including European barberry, goldenseal, goldthread, Oregon grape, phellodendron, and tree tumeric. Berberine seems to slightly reduce blood sugar levels in people with diabetes. Berberine might lower blood pressure. Berberine is possibly safe for most adults for short-term use when taken by mouth or applied to the skin.

2′-Deoxycytidine (deoxyC) is one of the deoxy nucleosides, which after phosphorylation to dCTP is used to synthesize DNA via various DNA polymerases or reverse transcriptases. Deoxycytidine is phosphorylated by deoxycytidine kinase (dCK). This enzyme catalyzes the initial conversion of the nucleosides deoxyadenosine (dA), deoxyguanosine (dG), and deoxycytidine (dC) into their monophosphate forms, with subsequent phosphorylation to the triphosphate forms performed by additional enzymes.