Details
Stereochemistry | ACHIRAL |
Molecular Formula | C4H6O4 |
Molecular Weight | 118.088 |
Optical Activity | NONE |
Defined Stereocenters | 0 / 0 |
E/Z Centers | 0 |
Charge | 0 |
SHOW SMILES / InChI
SMILES
OC(=O)CCC(O)=O
InChI
InChIKey=KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI=1S/C4H6O4/c5-3(6)1-2-4(7)8/h1-2H2,(H,5,6)(H,7,8)
DescriptionSources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28622981Curator's Comment: The description was created based on several sources, including
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23461009 | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24771373 | https://ntrl.ntis.gov/NTRL/dashboard/searchResults.xhtml?searchQuery=PB254541 | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10464017
Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28622981
Curator's Comment: The description was created based on several sources, including
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23461009 | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24771373 | https://ntrl.ntis.gov/NTRL/dashboard/searchResults.xhtml?searchQuery=PB254541 | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10464017
Succinic acid is a dicarboxylic acid, which has multiple biological roles as a metabolic intermediate being converted into fumarate by the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase in complex 2 of the electron transport chain which is involved in making ATP, and as a signaling molecule reflecting the cellular metabolic state. Succinate is generated in mitochondria via the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA), an energy-yielding process shared by all organisms. Succinate can exit the mitochondrial matrix and function in the cytoplasm as well as the extracellular space, changing gene expression patterns, modulating epigenetic landscape or demonstrating hormone-like signaling. Dysregulation of succinate synthesis, and therefore ATP synthesis, happens in some genetic mitochondrial diseases, such as Leigh's disease, and Mela's disease and degradation can lead to pathological conditions, such as malignant transformation, inflammation and tissue injury. Succinic acid is a precursor to some polyesters and a component of some alkyd resins. Succinic acid also serves as the bases of certain biodegradable polymers, which are of interest in tissue engineering applications. As a food additive and dietary supplement, succinic acid is generally recognized as safe by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Succinic acid is used primarily as an acidity regulator in the food and beverage industry. It is also available as a flavoring agent, contributing a somewhat sour and astringent component to umami taste.[11] As an excipient in pharmaceutical products, it is also used to control acidity or as a counter ion. Drugs involving succinate include metoprolol succinate, sumatriptan succinate, Doxylamine succinate or solifenacin succinate.
Approval Year
Targets
Primary Target | Pharmacology | Condition | Potency |
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Target ID: CHEMBL5697 Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18942826 |
3.0 µM [IC50] |
Conditions
Condition | Modality | Targets | Highest Phase | Product |
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Inactive ingredient | Reamberin Approved UseUnknown |
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Inactive ingredient | Metoprolol Succinate ER Approved UseUnknown |
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Inactive ingredient | VESIcare Approved UseUnknown |
PubMed
Title | Date | PubMed |
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Virtual combinatorial syntheses and computational screening of new potential anti-herpes compounds. | 1999 Aug 26 |
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Inhibition of spontaneous induction of lambdoid prophages in Escherichia coli cultures: simple procedures with possible biotechnological applications. | 2001 |
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[Intermittent hypoxic training with exogenous nitric oxide improves rat liver mitochondrial oxidation and phosphorylation during acute hypoxia]. | 2001 |
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Synthesis of ethyl alkylidene alpha cyanoacetates under ultrasound irradiation. | 2001 Apr |
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Enhancement of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine neurotoxicity by the energy inhibitor malonate. | 2001 Apr |
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Combined effect of propofol and GSNO on oxidative phosphorylation of isolated rat liver mitochondria. | 2001 Apr |
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Identification of respiratory complexes I and III as mitochondrial sites of damage following exposure to ionizing radiation and nitric oxide. | 2001 Apr |
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The effects of feed and intracellular pyruvate levels on the redistribution of metabolic fluxes in Escherichia coli. | 2001 Apr |
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The effects of endurance training and exhaustive exercise on mitochondrial enzymes in tissues of the rat (Rattus norvegicus). | 2001 Apr |
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Glutamine supplementation promotes anaplerosis but not oxidative energy delivery in human skeletal muscle. | 2001 Apr |
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Glutathione depletion, lipid peroxidation and mitochondrial dysfunction are induced by chronic stress in rat brain. | 2001 Apr |
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Probing the active site of L-aspartate oxidase by site-directed mutagenesis: role of basic residues in fumarate reduction. | 2001 Apr 17 |
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A subtoxic interactive toxicity study of ethanol and chromium in male Wistar rats. | 2001 Feb |
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A high-resolution integrated map spanning the SDHD gene at 11q23: a 1.1-Mb BAC contig, a partial transcript map and 15 new repeat polymorphisms in a tumour-suppressor region. | 2001 Feb |
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Dramatic improvement in mitochondrial cardiomyopathy following treatment with idebenone. | 2001 Feb |
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Establishment and characterization of three new rat renal cell carcinoma cell lines from N-ethyl-N-hydroxyethylnitrosamine-induced basophilic cell tumors. | 2001 Feb |
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Acidianus ambivalens Complex II typifies a novel family of succinate dehydrogenases. | 2001 Feb 16 |
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Paradoxical effects of copper and manganese on brain mitochondrial function. | 2001 Feb 23 |
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Dimeric pig heart succinate-coenzyme A transferase uses only one subunit to support catalysis. | 2001 Feb 27 |
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Developmental aspects of the rat endolymphatic sac and functional implications. | 2001 Jan |
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Adenine and guanine nucleotide-specific succinyl-CoA synthetases in the clonal beta-cell mitochondria: implications in the beta-cell high-energy phosphate metabolism in relation to physiological insulin secretion. | 2001 Jan |
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Computerized analysis of cytochemical reactions for dehydrogenases and oxygraphic studies as methods to evaluate the function of the mitochondrial sheath in rat spermatozoa. | 2001 Jan |
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Effects of cortisol on chloride cells in the gill epithelium of Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica. | 2001 Jan |
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Reactivity of some sugars and sugar phosphates towards gold(III) in sodium acetate-acetic acid buffer medium. | 2001 Jan 15 |
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Selective cancer cell killing by alpha-tocopheryl succinate. | 2001 Jan 5 |
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Expression of a glutamate decarboxylase homologue is required for normal oxidative stress tolerance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. | 2001 Jan 5 |
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Succinic dehydrogenase histochemistry as an early marker for hair cell pathology. | 2001 Jan-Feb |
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Alloxan-induced mitochondrial permeability transition triggered by calcium, thiol oxidation, and matrix ATP. | 2001 Jul 20 |
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Quantitative cytochemical mapping of mitochondrial enzymes in rat cerebella. | 2001 Jun |
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Ubiquinol:cytochrome c oxidoreductase (complex III). Effect of inhibitors on cytochrome b reduction in submitochondrial particles and the role of ubiquinone in complex III. | 2001 Jun 1 |
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Kinetic analyses of mitochondrial 75selenium uptake in Trigonella foenum-graecum seedlings exposed to selenium and mimosine. | 2001 Mar |
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A general method for the quantitative analysis of functional chimeras: applications from site-directed mutagenesis and macromolecular association. | 2001 Mar |
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Cytochrome c oxidase deficient cells accumulate in the hippocampus and choroid plexus with age. | 2001 Mar-Apr |
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Possible involvement of protein phosphorylation in aluminum-responsive malate efflux from wheat root apex. | 2001 May |
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Estradiol protects against ATP depletion, mitochondrial membrane potential decline and the generation of reactive oxygen species induced by 3-nitroproprionic acid in SK-N-SH human neuroblastoma cells. | 2001 May |
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Kinetic and crystallographic studies on deacetoxycephalosporin C synthase (DAOCS). | 2001 May 18 |
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In vitro effects of nicotine on mitochondrial respiration and superoxide anion generation. | 2001 May 4 |
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Aerobic capacity of frog skeletal muscle during hibernation. | 2001 May-Jun |
Sample Use Guides
In Vitro Use Guide
Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10464017
Antiviral activity was measured in a plaque inhibition assay. Confluent Vero cell monolayer in 6-well multidishes were infected with 100 PFU in 1 mL of MEM medium. After adsorption at 37 °C for 2 h, residual inoculum was replaced with 1 mL of MEM medium containing 0.2% gamma-globulin and 1 mL of a dilution of varying concentrations of the Succinic acid. Virus-infected wells without compounds were used as cytopathogenicity controls. Viral cytopathogenicity (CPE) was completed 1-2 days after viral infection
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Classification Tree | Code System | Code | ||
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CFR |
21 CFR 172.230
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DSLD |
3384 (Number of products:37)
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NCI_THESAURUS |
C345
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CFR |
21 CFR 184.1091
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D019802
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100000078761
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AB6MNQ6J6L
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C61954
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1623411
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110-15-6
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552
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AB6MNQ6J6L
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DTXSID6023602
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1623422
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203-740-4
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SUB12599MIG
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37255
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m10269
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2487
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15741
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106449
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SUCCINIC ACID
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1110
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CHEMBL576
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