Details
Stereochemistry | ACHIRAL |
Molecular Formula | C4H6O4 |
Molecular Weight | 118.088 |
Optical Activity | NONE |
Defined Stereocenters | 0 / 0 |
E/Z Centers | 0 |
Charge | 0 |
SHOW SMILES / InChI
SMILES
OC(=O)CCC(O)=O
InChI
InChIKey=KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI=1S/C4H6O4/c5-3(6)1-2-4(7)8/h1-2H2,(H,5,6)(H,7,8)
DescriptionSources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28622981Curator's Comment: The description was created based on several sources, including
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23461009 | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24771373 | https://ntrl.ntis.gov/NTRL/dashboard/searchResults.xhtml?searchQuery=PB254541 | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10464017
Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28622981
Curator's Comment: The description was created based on several sources, including
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23461009 | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24771373 | https://ntrl.ntis.gov/NTRL/dashboard/searchResults.xhtml?searchQuery=PB254541 | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10464017
Succinic acid is a dicarboxylic acid, which has multiple biological roles as a metabolic intermediate being converted into fumarate by the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase in complex 2 of the electron transport chain which is involved in making ATP, and as a signaling molecule reflecting the cellular metabolic state. Succinate is generated in mitochondria via the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA), an energy-yielding process shared by all organisms. Succinate can exit the mitochondrial matrix and function in the cytoplasm as well as the extracellular space, changing gene expression patterns, modulating epigenetic landscape or demonstrating hormone-like signaling. Dysregulation of succinate synthesis, and therefore ATP synthesis, happens in some genetic mitochondrial diseases, such as Leigh's disease, and Mela's disease and degradation can lead to pathological conditions, such as malignant transformation, inflammation and tissue injury. Succinic acid is a precursor to some polyesters and a component of some alkyd resins. Succinic acid also serves as the bases of certain biodegradable polymers, which are of interest in tissue engineering applications. As a food additive and dietary supplement, succinic acid is generally recognized as safe by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Succinic acid is used primarily as an acidity regulator in the food and beverage industry. It is also available as a flavoring agent, contributing a somewhat sour and astringent component to umami taste.[11] As an excipient in pharmaceutical products, it is also used to control acidity or as a counter ion. Drugs involving succinate include metoprolol succinate, sumatriptan succinate, Doxylamine succinate or solifenacin succinate.
Approval Year
Targets
Primary Target | Pharmacology | Condition | Potency |
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Target ID: CHEMBL5697 Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18942826 |
3.0 µM [IC50] |
Conditions
Condition | Modality | Targets | Highest Phase | Product |
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Inactive ingredient | Reamberin Approved UseUnknown |
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Inactive ingredient | Metoprolol Succinate ER Approved UseUnknown |
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Inactive ingredient | VESIcare Approved UseUnknown |
PubMed
Title | Date | PubMed |
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Methylmalonic acid measured in plasma and urine by stable-isotope dilution and electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. | 2000 Nov |
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Inhibition of spontaneous induction of lambdoid prophages in Escherichia coli cultures: simple procedures with possible biotechnological applications. | 2001 |
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[Intermittent hypoxic training with exogenous nitric oxide improves rat liver mitochondrial oxidation and phosphorylation during acute hypoxia]. | 2001 |
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Respiratory enzymes from Sulfolobus acidocaldarius. | 2001 |
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Ultrastructural localization of succinate dehydrogenase in some bacteria, after treatment with Lubrol W1. | 2001 |
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Synthesis of ethyl alkylidene alpha cyanoacetates under ultrasound irradiation. | 2001 Apr |
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Rat liver microsomal lipid peroxidation produced during the oxidative metabolism of ethacrynic acid. | 2001 Apr |
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Inhibition of Escherichia coli respiratory enzymes by the lactoperoxidase-hydrogen peroxide-thiocyanate antimicrobial system. | 2001 Apr |
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A transient inhibition of mitochondrial ATP synthesis by nitric oxide synthase activation triggered apoptosis in primary cortical neurons. | 2001 Apr |
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Combined effect of propofol and GSNO on oxidative phosphorylation of isolated rat liver mitochondria. | 2001 Apr |
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Identification of respiratory complexes I and III as mitochondrial sites of damage following exposure to ionizing radiation and nitric oxide. | 2001 Apr |
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The effects of feed and intracellular pyruvate levels on the redistribution of metabolic fluxes in Escherichia coli. | 2001 Apr |
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Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: association of insulin resistance and mitochondrial abnormalities. | 2001 Apr |
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Glutathione depletion, lipid peroxidation and mitochondrial dysfunction are induced by chronic stress in rat brain. | 2001 Apr |
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Germline SDHD mutation in familial phaeochromocytoma. | 2001 Apr 14 |
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Probing the active site of L-aspartate oxidase by site-directed mutagenesis: role of basic residues in fumarate reduction. | 2001 Apr 17 |
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New insights into the regulation of plant succinate dehydrogenase. On the role of the protonmotive force. | 2001 Aug 31 |
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Metabolic shifts and myocyte hypertrophy in deflazacort treatment of mdx mouse cardiomyopathy. | 2001 Feb |
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Towards developing a non-SnCl2 formulation for RP444, a new radiopharmaceutical for thrombus imaging. | 2001 Feb |
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Mitochondrial DNA deletion mutations colocalize with segmental electron transport system abnormalities, muscle fiber atrophy, fiber splitting, and oxidative damage in sarcopenia. | 2001 Feb |
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A novel syndrome affecting multiple mitochondrial functions, located by microcell-mediated transfer to chromosome 2p14-2p13. | 2001 Feb |
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Cumulative and irreversible cardiac mitochondrial dysfunction induced by doxorubicin. | 2001 Jan 15 |
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Characteristics and glycerol metabolism of fumarate-reducing Enterococcus faecalis RKY1. | 2001 Jan 5 |
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Expression of a glutamate decarboxylase homologue is required for normal oxidative stress tolerance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. | 2001 Jan 5 |
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Changes in various measures of immune status in mice subject to chronic social conflict. | 2001 Jan-Feb |
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Kinetic analyses of mitochondrial 75selenium uptake in Trigonella foenum-graecum seedlings exposed to selenium and mimosine. | 2001 Mar |
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Metabolic enzymes and phenotypic expression among human locomotor muscles. | 2001 Mar |
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Oligoacetic acid characterization by isocratic and linear salt gradient anion-exchange chromatography. | 2001 Mar |
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Different sensitivity of rabbit heart and skeletal muscle to endotoxin-induced impairment of mitochondrial function. | 2001 Mar |
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Disruption of mitochondrial respiration by melatonin in MCF-7 cells. | 2001 Mar 15 |
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Dynamic responses of Pseudomonas fluorescens DF57 to nitrogen or carbon source addition. | 2001 Mar 9 |
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Estradiol protects against ATP depletion, mitochondrial membrane potential decline and the generation of reactive oxygen species induced by 3-nitroproprionic acid in SK-N-SH human neuroblastoma cells. | 2001 May |
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Synthesis of iron-crosslinked chitosan succinate and iron-crosslinked hydroxamated chitosan succinate and their in vitro evaluation as potential matrix materials for oral theophylline sustained-release beads. | 2001 May |
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Kinetic and crystallographic studies on deacetoxycephalosporin C synthase (DAOCS). | 2001 May 18 |
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The Quinone-binding sites of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae succinate-ubiquinone oxidoreductase. | 2001 May 18 |
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J-domain protein, Jac1p, of yeast mitochondria required for iron homeostasis and activity of Fe-S cluster proteins. | 2001 May 18 |
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In vitro effects of nicotine on mitochondrial respiration and superoxide anion generation. | 2001 May 4 |
Sample Use Guides
In Vitro Use Guide
Sources: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10464017
Antiviral activity was measured in a plaque inhibition assay. Confluent Vero cell monolayer in 6-well multidishes were infected with 100 PFU in 1 mL of MEM medium. After adsorption at 37 °C for 2 h, residual inoculum was replaced with 1 mL of MEM medium containing 0.2% gamma-globulin and 1 mL of a dilution of varying concentrations of the Succinic acid. Virus-infected wells without compounds were used as cytopathogenicity controls. Viral cytopathogenicity (CPE) was completed 1-2 days after viral infection
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Classification Tree | Code System | Code | ||
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CFR |
21 CFR 172.230
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DSLD |
3384 (Number of products:37)
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NCI_THESAURUS |
C345
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CFR |
21 CFR 184.1091
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100000078761
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AB6MNQ6J6L
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C61954
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203-740-4
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SUB12599MIG
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37255
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m10269
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2487
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15741
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106449
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SUCCINIC ACID
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1110
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CHEMBL576
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