Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is the methyl ester of fumaric acid. DMF was initially recognized as a very effective hypoxic cell radiosensitizer. Later, DMF combined with three other fumaric acid esters (FAE) was licensed in Germany as oral therapy for psoriasis (trade name Fumaderm). Phase III clinical trials found that DMF (BG-12) successfully reduced relapse rate and increased time to progression of disability in multiple sclerosis (trade name Tecfidera). DMF is thought to have immunomodulatory properties without significant immunosuppression. The mechanism of action of dimethyl fumarate in multiple sclerosis is not well understood. It is thought to involve dimethyl fumarate degradation to its active metabolite monomethyl fumarate (MMF) then MMF up-regulates the Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) pathway that is activated in response to oxidative stress. Dimethyl fumarate is marketed under the brand name Tecfidera.

Monomethyl Auristatin E (MMAE) is an antimitotic agent which inhibits cell division by blocking the polymerization of tubulin. Monomethyl Auristatin E is the synthetic analog of the antineoplastic natural product Dolastatin 10, cannot be used as a drug itself. Monomethyl Auristatin E is commonly conjugated with monoclonal antibodies directed at antigens specific to cancer cells for tumor-directed cytotoxicity. MMAE is typically coupled to the antibody via a protease-cleavable linker, allowing separation of the drug from the antibody following intracellular localization. When coupled to cAC10, Monomethyl Auristatin E shows selective cytotoxicity in CD30+ cells and induces G2/M-phase growth arrest and cell death through the induction of apoptosis. When coupled to the anti-CD79b antibody, anti–CD79b-vcMMAE has very potent and broad activity across a large panel of NHL cell lines in vitro. When coupled to the anti-HER2 antibody, pertuzumab-vc-MMAE can also be effectively internalized and potently kill HER2 over-expressing tumor cells. In the Karpas 299 ALCL model, cAC10-vcMMAE induces complete, durable tumor regression, while free MMAE doesn’t produce detectable antitumor activity. In mouse xenograft models of NHL, anti–CD79b-vcMMAE strikingly results in sustained complete tumor remission.

Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether is a ether-alcohol derivative. The ether being relatively unreactive. Flammable and/or toxic gases are generated by the combination of alcohols with alkali metals, nitrides, and strong reducing agents. They react with oxoacids and carboxylic acids to form esters plus water. Oxidizing agents convert alcohols to aldehydes or ketones. Alcohols exhibit both weak acid and weak base behavior. They may initiate the polymerization of isocyanates and epoxides. Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether (DEGME) is sold by Dow under the tradename Methyl CARBITOL™ solvent. DEGME is an ethylene-series or E-series glycol ether. It is primarily used as a de-icing additive for aviation fuel.

Calcium Fumarate is a calcium salt of fumaric acid, it can be used as a food supplement. Calcium Fumarate may be used to treat conditions caused by low Calcium levels such as bone loss (osteoporosis), weak bones (osteomalacia/rickets), decreased activity of the parathyroid gland (hypoparathyroidism), and a certain muscle disease (latent tetany). It may also be used in certain patients to make sure they are getting enough Calcium (e.g., women who are pregnant, nursing, or postmenopausal, people taking certain medications such as phenytoin, phenobarbital, or prednisone). Calcium Fumarate is classified by the FDA as a dietary and nutritional additive (21CFR§172.350) and has been used for many years.

Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is the methyl ester of fumaric acid. DMF was initially recognized as a very effective hypoxic cell radiosensitizer. Later, DMF combined with three other fumaric acid esters (FAE) was licensed in Germany as oral therapy for psoriasis (trade name Fumaderm). Phase III clinical trials found that DMF (BG-12) successfully reduced relapse rate and increased time to progression of disability in multiple sclerosis (trade name Tecfidera). DMF is thought to have immunomodulatory properties without significant immunosuppression. The mechanism of action of dimethyl fumarate in multiple sclerosis is not well understood. It is thought to involve dimethyl fumarate degradation to its active metabolite monomethyl fumarate (MMF) then MMF up-regulates the Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) pathway that is activated in response to oxidative stress. Dimethyl fumarate is marketed under the brand name Tecfidera.

Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is the methyl ester of fumaric acid. DMF was initially recognized as a very effective hypoxic cell radiosensitizer. Later, DMF combined with three other fumaric acid esters (FAE) was licensed in Germany as oral therapy for psoriasis (trade name Fumaderm). Phase III clinical trials found that DMF (BG-12) successfully reduced relapse rate and increased time to progression of disability in multiple sclerosis (trade name Tecfidera). DMF is thought to have immunomodulatory properties without significant immunosuppression. The mechanism of action of dimethyl fumarate in multiple sclerosis is not well understood. It is thought to involve dimethyl fumarate degradation to its active metabolite monomethyl fumarate (MMF) then MMF up-regulates the Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) pathway that is activated in response to oxidative stress. Dimethyl fumarate is marketed under the brand name Tecfidera.

(R)-9-(2-Phosphonylmethoxypropyl)adenine (PMPA known as tenofovir) is an antiviral drug. Diphosphate of PMPA acts as a selective inhibitor of the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. Tenofovir disoproxil was approved for clinical use for the treatment of HIV infection (AIDS) and chronic HBV infection.

There is no information about biological and pharmacological application of Iron(II) fluoride (also known as ferrous fluoride). It is known, that this substance is used to catalyze some organic reactions.