Galantamine (RAZADYNE®, galantamine hydrobromide) is a benzazepine derived from norbelladine. It is found in Galanthus and other Amaryllidaceae. It is a reversible, competitive acetylcholinesterase inhibitor that is used for the treatment of mild to moderate dementia of the Alzheimer’s type. Although the etiology of cognitive impairment in Alzheimer’s disease is not fully understood, it has been reported that acetylcholine-producing neurons degenerate in the brains of patients with Alzheimer’s disease. The degree of this cholinergic loss has been correlated with degree of cognitive impairment and density of amyloid plaques (a neuropathological hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease). While the precise mechanism of galantamine’s (RAZADYNE®, galantamine hydrobromide) action is unknown, it is postulated to exert its therapeutic effect by enhancing cholinergic function. This is accomplished by increasing the concentration of acetylcholine through reversible inhibition of its hydrolysis by acetylcholinesterase. If this mechanism is correct, galantamine’s (RAZADYNE®, galantamine hydrobromide) effect may lessen as the disease process advances and fewer cholinergic neurons remain functionally intact. There is no evidence that galantamine (RAZADYNE®, galantamine hydrobromide) alters the course of the underlying dementing process.

Gluconolactone, a lactone of D-glucuronic acid, is a food additive with the E number E575. Gluconolactone is commonly found in honey, fruit juices, wine. In medcine, gluconolactone is used as a component of irrigation solution Renacidin for dissolution of bladder calculi of the struvite or apatite variety, and to prevent or minimize encrustations of indwelling urinary tract catheters.

Flavin mononucleotide, or riboflavin-5′-phosphate, is a biomolecule produced from riboflavin by the enzyme riboflavin kinase and functions as prosthetic group of various oxidoreductases including NADH dehydrogenase as well as cofactor in biological blue-light photo receptors. Riboflavin (Vitamin B 2) (as riboflavin 5-phosphate sodium) is an ingredient of the FDA approved composition Infuvite Adult, indicated as a daily multivitamin maintenance supplement for adults and children aged 11 and older receiving parenteral nutrition. Infuvite Adult is also indicated in other situations where administration by the intravenous route is required. Such situations include surgery, extensive burns, fractures and other trauma, severe infectious diseases, and comatose states, which may provoke a “stress” situation with profound alterations in the body’s metabolic demands and consequent tissue depletion of nutrients. Flavin mononucleotide is also a component of Cytoflavin, used for the treatment of consequences of cerebral infarction, for the treatment of atherosclerosis, encephalopathy, neurasthenia. Cytoflavin is marketed in Russian Federation.

The aluminum salt of Allantoin, Alcloxa combines the astringent and anti-microbial properties of aluminum with the anti-irritant, soothing and healing properties of Allantoin. Alcloxa is particularly suited for use in anti-perspirants, acne treatments and foot care products. Alcloxa is a compound that combine the properties of aluminum salts with the properties of allantion. The allantion component ehhances the action of the aluminum salts and serves to overcome irritations experienced by many individuals who may be sensitive to the use of aluminum alts. The aluminum component reduces sweat by causing the sweat gland ducts swell. Alcloxa also add to the antiperspirant properties the deodorant effect because of its bacteriostatic action. It showed bacteriostatic properties at concentrations of 0.2% particularly against Gram bectaria (B. subtilis, S. aureus, P. vulgaris, Pityrosporum ovale). This is ascribable to two different mechanisms: first bacterial growth is retarded due to a decrease in the amount of water present, second aluminum salt have itself an antimicrobial action. In baby products is indicated for its healing reparative action, in the treatment of diaper rash. Also is approved in haemorrhoidal product for its soothing and keratolytic action. In oral care products Alcloxa is useful for its astringent antibacterial properties. It is very indicated in formulations for sensitive teeth, periodontal and gum diseases (like gingivitis, irritable and bleeding gums). Use levels: 0.1-1%. − In antiacne products the slightly astringent effect promotes healing of pustules and acne lesions. It reduces the extension of infected skin eruptions, healing them and developing a soothing action. May be used alone or also in combinations with other antimicrobial agents in order to fight acne more effectively. Use levels: 0.5-2.0%.

Calcium magnesium carbonate (dolomite), a mineral with the chemical formula CaMg(CO3)2, is made up of 60% calcium carbonate (equivalent to 24% calcium) and 40% magnesium carbonate (equivalent to 12% magnesium). It is recommended by lay periodicals as a desirable source of calcium and magnesium, but found to be also a source of potentially toxic heavy metals. Exposure to high atmospheric concentrations of this compound is likely to be associated with respiratory symptoms.

Nobiletin is a flavanoid isolatable from citrus peels. It has demonstrated anti-cancer properties in several in vitro cell models and garnered interest as a potential treatment for the motor and cognitive symptoms of Parkinson's disease. However, investigation of this compound has not moved beyond animal studies.