Hypoxanthine is a naturally occurring purine derivative and a reaction intermediate in the metabolism of adenosine and in the formation of nucleic acids by the salvage pathway. Hypoxanthine is a necessary additive in the certain cell, bacteria, and parasite cultures as a substrate and nitrogen source. For example, it is commonly a required reagent in malaria parasite cultures, since Plasmodium falciparum requires a source of hypoxanthine for nucleic acid synthesis and energy metabolism.

Epipregnanolone is an epimer of endogenous neurosteroid pregnanolone, it has been shown to antagonize GABAA and NMDA receptors. In addition epipregnanolone inhibits calcium T-currents and stimulates TRPM3 channel. Epipregnanolone displays anesthetic properties. Epipregnanolone has been shown to reduce alcohol self-administration in rats.

Cholesterol is a sterol (a combination steroid and alcohol) and a lipid found in the cell membranes of all body tissues, and transported in the blood plasma of all animals. The high level of cholesterol in the blood is a marker of hypercholesterolemia, also called dyslipidemia. As a part of homeopathic product, it helps to support general liver and gallbladder health, and is used for temporary relief of symptoms related to adrenal glands such as fatigue and low energy. Cholesterol binds to and affects the gating of a number of ion channels such as the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) Inwardly-rectifying K+ channels (Kir); Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 channels (TRPV1) and Large-conductance Ca2+-sensitive voltage-gated K+ channels (BK). It was shown the new mechanistic insights into the role of cholesterol in the regulation of nAChR, showing that cholesterol regulates the channels by two distinct mechanisms: stabilization of the channels in a resting state that depends on specific lipid-protein interactions and facilitation of the transitions between uncoupled and coupled states that depends on the hydrophobic thickness of the membrane

Protirelin is the pharmaceutically available synthetic analogue of the endogenous peptide thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). It is a tri-peptide tropic hormone, released by the hypothalamus, which stimulates the release of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) and prolactin from the anterior pituitary. Although not currently available in any FDA-approved product, protirelin is a component of the TRH Test where it is used to test the response of the anterior pituitary gland in conditions such as secondary hypothyroidism and acromegaly. TRH is indicated as an adjunctive agent in the diagnostic assessment of thyroid function. As an adjunct to other diagnostic procedures, testing with TRH (protirelin) may yield useful information in patients with pituitary or hypothalamic dysfunction. TRH is indicated as an adjunct to evaluate the effectiveness of thyrotropin suppression with a particular dose of T4 in patients with nodular or diffuse goiter. A normal TSH baseline value and a minimal difference between the 30 minute and baseline response to TRH injection would indicate adequate suppression of the pituitary secretion of TSH. TRH may be used, adjunctively, for adjustment of thyroid hormone dosage given to patients with primary hypothyroidism. A normal or slightly blunted TSH response, thirty minutes following TRH injection, would indicate adequate replacement therapy. Side effects have been reported in about 50% of the patients tested with TRH. Generally, the side effects are moor, have occurred promptly, and have persisted for only a few minutes following injection. Cardiovascular reactions: Marked changes in blood pressure, including both hypertension and hypotension with or without syncope, have been reported in a small number of patients. Endocrine reaction: Breast enlargement and leakage in lactating women for up to two or three days. Other reactions: Headaches, sometimes severe, and transient amaurosis in patients with pituitary tumors. Rarely, convulsions may occur in patients with predisposing conditions, e.g., epilepsy, brain damage. Nausea; urge to urinate; flushed sensation; light-headedness; bad taste in mouth; abdominal discomfort; and dry mouth. Less frequently reported were: Anxiety; sweating; tightness in the throat; pressure in the chest; tingling sensation; drowsiness; and allergic reactions. Pharmacologically, TRH increases the release of the thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) from the anterior pituitary. Prolactin release is also increased. It has recently been observed that approximately 65% of acromegalic patients tested respond with a rise in circulating growth hormone levels; the clinical significance is as yet not clear. Following intravenous administration, the mean plasma half-life of protirelin in normal subjects is approximately five minutes. TSH levels rise rapidly and reach a peak at 20 to 30 minutes. The decline in TSH levels takes place more slowly, approaching baseline levels after approximately three hours.

Phenylalanine is a biologically essential amino acid that acts as a precursor to tyrosine and the catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, and tyramine), and is a constituent of many central nervous system neuropeptides. Normal dietary levels of phenylalanine are approximately 1-2 grams daily. Phenylalanine appears in two forms which are identical mirror images of each other: L-phenylalanine, a nutritional supplement, and D-phenylalanine, an effective painkiller and antidepressant due to its ability to inhibit the breakdown of enkephalins, the brain’s natural pain killers.

Tryptophan is alpha-aminoacid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. It is essential aminoacid in humans, meaning the body cannot synthesize and it must be obtained from the diet. Tryptophan is a precursor of serotonin, and as such is sold over the counter in many countries as a dietary supplement for use as an antidepressant, anxiolytic and sleep aid, however application of tryptophan in these indications is not approved by FDA.

Alanine is a non-essential aminoacid encoded by GCU, GCC, GCA, and GCG codons. Besides being a building block of proteins, alanine plays a key role in glucose-alanine cycle. Alanine is medically used as a dietary supplement for conditions such as fructose intolerance, muscle atrophy, low birth weight.