Betamethasone and its derivatives, betamethasone sodium phosphate and betamethasone acetate, are synthetic glucocorticoids. Used for its antiinflammatory or immunosuppressive properties, betamethasone is combined with a mineralocorticoid to manage adrenal insufficiency and is used in the form of betamethasone benzoate, betamethasone dipropionate, or betamethasone valerate for the treatment of inflammation due to corticosteroid-responsive dermatoses. Betamethasone and clotrimazole are used together to treat cutaneous tinea infections. Betamethasone is a glucocorticoid receptor agonist. This leads to changes in genetic expression once this complex binds to the GRE. The antiinflammatory actions of corticosteroids are thought to involve lipocortins, phospholipase A2 inhibitory proteins which, through inhibition arachidonic acid, control the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and leukotrienes. The immune system is suppressed by corticosteroids due to a decrease in the function of the lymphatic system, a reduction in immunoglobulin and complement concentrations, the precipitation of lymphocytopenia, and interference with antigen-antibody binding. Betamethasone binds to plasma transcortin, and it becomes active when it is not bound to transcortin.Betamethasone is used for: treating certain conditions associated with decreased adrenal gland function. It is used to treat severe inflammation caused by certain conditions, including severe asthma, severe allergies, rheumatoid arthritis, ulcerative colitis, certain blood disorders, lupus, multiple sclerosis, and certain eye and skin conditions.

Dexamethasone acetate (NEOFORDEX®) is the acetate salt form of dexamethasone, which is a synthetic glucocorticoid; it combines high anti-inflammatory effects with low mineralocorticoid activity. At high doses (e.g. 40 mg), it reduces the immune response. Dexamethasone acetate (NEOFORDEX®) is indicated in adults for the treatment of symptomatic multiple myeloma in combination with other medicinal products. Dexamethasone has been shown to induce multiple myeloma cell death (apoptosis) via a down-regulation of nuclear factor-κB activity and an activation of caspase-9 through second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase (Smac; an apoptosis promoting factor) release. Prolonged exposure was required to achieve maximum levels of apoptotic markers along with increased caspase-3 activation and DNA fragmentation. Dexamethasone also down-regulated anti apoptotic genes and increased IκB-alpha protein levels. Dexamethasone apoptotic activity is enhanced by the combination with thalidomide or its analogues and with proteasome inhibitor (e.g. bortezomib).

Dexamethasone acetate (NEOFORDEX®) is the acetate salt form of dexamethasone, which is a synthetic glucocorticoid; it combines high anti-inflammatory effects with low mineralocorticoid activity. At high doses (e.g. 40 mg), it reduces the immune response. Dexamethasone acetate (NEOFORDEX®) is indicated in adults for the treatment of symptomatic multiple myeloma in combination with other medicinal products. Dexamethasone has been shown to induce multiple myeloma cell death (apoptosis) via a down-regulation of nuclear factor-κB activity and an activation of caspase-9 through second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase (Smac; an apoptosis promoting factor) release. Prolonged exposure was required to achieve maximum levels of apoptotic markers along with increased caspase-3 activation and DNA fragmentation. Dexamethasone also down-regulated anti apoptotic genes and increased IκB-alpha protein levels. Dexamethasone apoptotic activity is enhanced by the combination with thalidomide or its analogues and with proteasome inhibitor (e.g. bortezomib).

Prednisolone is a synthetic adrenocortical steroid drug with predominantly glucocorticoid properties. Some of these properties reproduce the physiological actions of endogenous glucocorticosteroids, but others do not necessarily reflect any of the adrenal hormones’ normal functions; they are seen only after administration of large therapeutic doses of the drug. The pharmacological effects of prednisolone which are due to its glucocorticoid properties include: promotion of gluconeogenesis; increased deposition of glycogen in the liver; inhibition of the utilization of glucose; anti-insulin activity; increased catabolism of protein; increased lipolysis; stimulation of fat synthesis and storage; increased glomerular filtration rate and resulting increase in urinary excretion of urate (creatinine excretion remains unchanged); and increased calcium excretion. Prednisolone is used to treat certain types of allergies, inflammatory conditions, autoimmune disorders, and cancers. Some of these conditions include adrenocortical insufficiency, high blood calcium, rheumatoid arthritis, dermatitis, eye inflammation, asthma, and multiple sclerosis.

Hydrocortisone is the main glucocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex. Its synthetic counterpart is used, either as an injection or topically, in the treatment of inflammation, allergy, collagen diseases, asthma, adrenocortical deficiency, shock, and some neoplastic conditions. Topical hydrocortisone is used for its anti-inflammatory or immunosuppressive properties to treat inflammation due to corticosteroid-responsive dermatoses. Hydrocortisone binds to the cytosolic glucocorticoid receptor. After binding the receptor the newly formed receptor-ligand complex translocates itself into the cell nucleus, where it binds to many glucocorticoid response elements (GRE) in the promoter region of the target genes. The DNA bound receptor then interacts with basic transcription factors, causing the increase in expression of specific target genes. The anti-inflammatory actions of corticosteroids are thought to involve lipocortins, phospholipase A2 inhibitory proteins which, through inhibition arachidonic acid, control the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and leukotrienes. Specifically glucocorticoids induce lipocortin-1 (annexin-1) synthesis, which then binds to cell membranes preventing the phospholipase A2 from coming into contact with its substrate arachidonic acid. This leads to diminished eicosanoid production. The cyclooxygenase (both COX-1 and COX-2) expression is also suppressed, potentiating the effect. In other words, the two main products in inflammation Prostaglandins and Leukotrienes are inhibited by the action of Glucocorticoids. Glucocorticoids also stimulate the lipocortin-1 escaping to the extracellular space, where it binds to the leukocyte membrane receptors and inhibits various inflammatory events: epithelial adhesion, emigration, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, respiratory burst and the release of various inflammatory mediators (lysosomal enzymes, cytokines, tissue plasminogen activator, chemokines etc.) from neutrophils, macrophages and mastocytes. Additionally the immune system is suppressed by corticosteroids due to a decrease in the function of the lymphatic system, a reduction in immunoglobulin and complement concentrations, the precipitation of lymphocytopenia, and interference with antigen-antibody binding. For the relief of the inflammatory and pruritic manifestations of corticosteroid-responsive dermatoses. Also used to treat endocrine (hormonal) disorders (adrenal insufficiency, Addisons disease). Hydrocortisone is also used to treat many immune and allergic disorders, such as arthritis, lupus, severe psoriasis, severe asthma, ulcerative colitis, and Crohn's disease.

Estradiol an aromatized C18 steroid with hydroxyl group at 3-beta- and 17-beta-position. Estradiol-17-beta is the most potent form of mammalian estrogenic steroids. In humans, it is produced primarily by the cyclic ovaries and the placenta. It is also produced by the adipose tissue of men and postmenopausal women. The 17-alpha-isomer of estradiol binds weakly to estrogen receptors (receptors, estrogen) and exhibits little estrogenic activity in estrogen-responsive tissues. Estradiol enters target cells freely (e.g., female organs, breasts, hypothalamus, pituitary) and interacts with a target cell receptor. When the estrogen receptor has bound its ligand it can enter the nucleus of the target cell, and regulate gene transcription which leads to formation of messenger RNA. The mRNA interacts with ribosomes to produce specific proteins that express the effect of estradiol upon the target cell. Estradiol is used for the treatment of urogenital symptoms associated with post-menopausal atrophy of the vagina (such as dryness, burning, pruritus and dyspareunia) and/or the lower urinary tract (urinary urgency and dysuria). Estradiol is marketed under the brand name Climara (among others), indicated for: the treatment of moderate to severe vasomotor symptoms due to menopause, treatment of symptoms of vulvar and vaginal atrophy due to menopause, treatment of hypoestrogenism due to hypogonadism, castration or primary ovarian failure and prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis.

STANOLONE, also known as dihydrotestosterone, is a potent androgenic metabolite of testosterone and anabolic agent for systemic use. It may be used as a replacement of male sex steroids in men who have androgen deficiency, for example as a result of the loss of both testes, and also the treatment of certain rare forms of aplastic anemia which are or may be responsive to anabolic androgens.

Valeric acid is a colorless, oily liquid with an unpleasant odor. It is highly corrosive and must be handled with care. Valeric acid is mainly used as a chemical intermediate to manufacture flavors and perfumes, synthetic lubricants, agricultural chemicals, and pharmaceuticals. It is also used as a flavoring aid in foods. Valeric acid is considered safe as a food additive by the World Health Organization.