N-Methyl-DL-Aspartic Acid (NMDLA) represents a racemic mixture of D and L enantiomers (NMDA; NMLA). Each enantiomer has different biological activities and different natural tissue/species abundances. Therefore, each enantiomer should be considered separately. NMDA is a widely studied neurotoxin which is an agonist of the NMDA receptor and induces brain legions. NMDA is not normally found in tissues, while NMLA can be found naturally in some bivalves.

Rosarin has been shown to reduce fatigue, improve exercise endurance, and increase mental performance. Rosarin is a part of Golden root (Roseroot, Rhodiola rosea L., Crassulaceae). The plant is distributed globally in arctic regions, including Northern Asia, Alaska and northern parts of Europe, and it has been connected to number of biological activities, such as effects on prolyl endopeptidase inhibition, antiallergic effects, effect to memory and learning, antidepressant and anti-inflammatory effects and effects in cancer therapy. The main compounds responsible for these activities are believed to be phenylpropanoid tyrosol, its glucoside salidroside, phenylpropenoids rosin, rosarin and rosavin, which are reported to be pharmacologically active as antioxidants and neurostimulants.

Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) has been used for centuries for the treatment of liver disorders and as a hepatoprotectant. The primary extract of milk thistle is termed silymarin, a complex mixture that contains a number of structurally-related flavonolignans, the flavonoid, taxifolin, and a number of other constituents. The major flavonolignans present in most extracts are silybin A, silybin B, isosilybin A and isosilybin B, silydianin, silychristin and isosilychristin. Isosilybin A has been identified as the first flavonolignan PPAR-gamma agonist. Isosilybin A, elicited the strongest anti-NF-kappaB and anti-HCV actions. The data suggest that silymarin-derived compounds may influence HCV disease course in some patients. Isosilybin A activates apoptotic machinery in prostate cancer cells via targeting Akt-NF-κB-AR axis; thereby, indicating a promising role for this phytochemical in the management of clinical prostate cancer.

Cyanidin is a natural anthocyanidin present in fruits and vegetables, attenuates the development of several diseases, including asthma, diabetes, atherosclerosis, and cancer, through its anti-inflammatory effects. Its mechanism of action is still undefined, but it was revealed that cyanidin specifically recognizes an IL-17A binding site in the IL-17A receptor subunit (IL-17RA) and inhibits the IL-17A/IL-17RA interaction and thus can be used as a drug for the treatment of IL-17A-dependent inflammatory diseases and cancer. In addition, cyanidin was capable of inhibiting osteoclast formation and thus might have therapeutic potential for osteolytic diseases.