Boceprevir (trade name Victrelis) is first-generation, selective, small molecule inhibitor of the non-structural serine protease (NS3) and NS4A polypeptide complex (NS3/NS4A) and is a direct acting antiviral drug against the hepatitis C virus. It is indicated the treatment of chronic hepatitis C (CHC) genotype 1 infection, in combination with peginterferon alfa and ribavirin, in adult patients (18 years of age and older) with compensated liver disease, including cirrhosis, who are previously untreated or who have failed previous interferon and ribavirin therapy. Boceprevir is not approved as a monotherapy. Upon administration, boceprevir reversibly binds to the active center of the HCV NS3/NS4A and prevents NS3/NS4A protease-mediated polyprotein maturation. This disrupts the processing of viral proteins and the formation of a viral replication complex, which inhibits viral replication in HCV genotrype 1-infected host cells. NS3, a serine protease, is essential for the proteolytic cleavages within the HCV polyprotein and plays a key role during HCV viral RNA replication. NS4A is an activating factor for NS3.

Telaprevir (marketed under the brand names Incivek and Incivo) is a direct-acting antiviralagent against the hepatitis C virus (HCV). It is a hepatitis C virus NS3/4A protease inhibitor indicated for the treatment of genotype 1 chronic hepatitis C (CHC) in adult patients with compensated liver disease, including cirrhosis, who are treatment-naïve or who have been previously treated with interferon-based treatment, including prior null responders, partial responders, and relapsers in combination with peginterferon alfa and ribavirin. Telaprevir is not used as a monotherapy. It is necessary for the proteolytic cleavage of the HCV encoded polyprotein into mature forms of the NS4A, NS4B, NS5A and NS5B proteins and essential for viral replication. It belongs to the chemical class of alpha-ketoamids and binds to NS3/4A in a covalent but reversible manner.

Triclocarban is a triclosan analogue with an antibmicrobial property. It has been used in a wide range of personal cleansing products including deodorant and bar soaps, deodorants, detergents, cleansing lotions, and wipes. In US triclocarban was approved for marketing of over-the-counter (OTC) consumer antiseptic wash products. But on September 2, 2016 U.S. Food and Drug Administration banned containing triclocarban and triclosan consumer antiseptic wash products from further marketing in USA because of a potential damage to human health, resulting from extended exposure to antiseptic active ingredients on a regular bases. However the new rule does not not affect consumer hand “sanitizers” or wipes, or antibacterial products used in health care settings. Triclocarban is a limited spectrum antibacterial agent effective in vitro against some strains of staphylococcus, streptococcus, and enterococcus bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentration has been found to range from 0.5 to 8 mg/L for these various strains. Triclocarban can act by non-specific membrane-destabilizing mechanism; also was suggested, that similar to triclosan, Triclocarban exerts its effect by inhibiting the activity of enoyl-(acyl-carrier protein) (ACP) reductase, widely distributed in bacteria, fungi and plants. As a result, this agent interrupts cell membrane synthesis and leads to bacterial growth inhibition.

Doripenem is a synthetic carbapenem that has broad antibacterial potency against aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Doripenem is structurally related to beta-lactam antibiotics and shares the bactericidal mode of action of other β-lactam antibiotics by targeting penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) to inhibit the biosynthesis of the bacterial cell wall. Doripenem is resistant to hydrolysis by most β-lactamases and is resistant to inactivation by renal dehydropeptidases. Doripenem has many similarities to the other carbapenems, as well as some important differences, such as greater potency against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It was found to be similar to comparator agents. The most common adverse effects related to doripenem therapy were headache, nausea, diarrhea, rash, and phlebitis.

Retapamulin is a topical antibiotic which was approved by FDA (Altabax brand name) for the treatment of impetigo due to Staphylococcus aureus (methicillin-susceptible isolates only) or Streptococcus pyogenes. Retapamulin exerts its antibacterial action by binding to 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome.

Telbivudine is an antiviral drug used in the treatment of hepatitis B infection. It is marketed by Swiss pharmaceutical company Novartis under the trade names Sebivo (Europe) and Tyzeka (United States). Clinical trials have shown it to be significantly more effective than lamivudine or adefovir, and less likely to cause resistance. Telbivudine is a synthetic thymidine nucleoside analogue; it is the L-isomer of thymidine. It is taken orally in a dose of 600 mg once daily with or without food. TYZEKA is the trade name for telbivudine, a synthetic thymidine nucleoside analogue with activity against hepatitis B virus (HBV). The chemical name for telbivudine is 1-((2S,4R,5S)-4-hydroxy-5-hydroxymethyltetrahydrofuran-2-y1)-5-methyl-1H-pyrimidine-2,4-dione, or 1-(2-deoxy-β-L-ribofuranosyl)-5-methyluracil. Telbivudine is a synthetic thymidine nucleoside analogue with activity against HBV DNA polymerase. It is phosphorylated by cellular kinases to the active triphosphate form, which has an intracellular half-life of 14 hours. Telbivudine 5'-triphosphate inhibits HBV DNA polymerase (reverse transcriptase) by competing with the natural substrate, thymidine 5'-triphosphate. Incorporation of telbivudine 5'-triphosphate into viral DNA causes DNA chain termination, resulting in inhibition of HBV replication. Telbivudine is an inhibitor of both HBV first strand (EC50 value = 1.3 ± 1.6 µM) and second strand synthesis (EC50 value = 0.2 ± 0.2 µM). Telbivudine 5'-triphosphate at concentrations up to 100 µM did not inhibit human cellular DNA polymerases α, β, or γ. No appreciable mitochondrial toxicity was observed in HepG2 cells treated with telbivudine at concentrations up to 10 µM.

French pharmaceutical company Hoechst Marion Roussel (later Sanofi-Aventis) began phase II/III clinical trials of telithromycin (HMR-3647) in 1998. Telithromycin was approved by the European Commission in July 2001 and subsequently went on sale in October 2001. In the US, telithromycin received U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval on April 1, 2004 Telithromycin is the first ketolide antibiotic to enter clinical use and is sold under the brand name of Ketek. After significant controversy regarding safety and research fraud, the US Food and Drug Administration sharply curtailed the approved uses of the drug in 2007. Telithromycin is a semi-synthetic erythromycin derivative. It is created by substituting a ketogroup for the cladinose sugar and adding a carbamate ring in the lactone ring. An alkyl-aryl moiety is attached to this carbamate ring. Furthermore, the carbon at position 6 has been methylated, as is the case in clarithromycin, to achieve better acid-stability. For the treatment of Pneumococcal infection, acute sinusitis, acute bacterial tonsillitis, acute bronchitis and bronchiolitis, lower respiratory tract infection and lobar (pneumococcal) pneumonia. KETEK tablets contain telithromycin, a semisynthetic antibacterial in the ketolide class for oral administration. Telithromycin blocks protein synthesis by binding to domains II and V of 23S rRNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit. By binding at domain II, telithromycin retains activity against gram-positive cocci (e.g., Streptococcus pneumoniae) in the presence of resistance mediated by methylases (erm genes) that alter the domain V binding site of telithromycin. Telithromycin may also inhibit the assembly of nascent ribosomal units.

Gemifloxacin is an oral broad-spectrum quinolone antibacterial agent used in the treatment of acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis and mild-to-moderate pneumonia. Gemifloxacin mesylate is marketed under the brand name Factive, indicated for the treatment of bacterial infection caused by susceptible strains such as S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, H. parainfluenzae, or M. catarrhalis, S. pneumoniae (including multi-drug resistant strains [MDRSP]), M. pneumoniae, C. pneumoniae, or K. pneumoniae. Gemifloxacin has in vitro activity against a wide range of Gram-negative and Grampositive microorganisms. Gemifloxacin is bactericidal with minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) generally within one dilution of the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs). Gemifloxacin acts by inhibiting DNA synthesis through the inhibition of both DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV (TOPO IV), which are essential for bacterial growth. Streptococcus pneumoniae showing mutations in both DNA gyrase and TOPO IV (double mutants) are resistant to most fluoroquinolones. Gemifloxacin has the ability to inhibit both enzyme systems at therapeutically relevant drug levels in S. pneumoniae (dual targeting), and has MIC values that are still in the susceptible range for some of these double mutants.

Cefditoren pivoxil is a semi-synthetic cephalosporin antibiotic for oral administration. It is a 3rd generation cephalosporin that is FDA approved for the treatment of acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, community acquired pneumonia, infection of skin and/or subcutaneous tissue, and pharyngitis/tonsillitis. Cefditoren is a cephalosporin with antibacterial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative pathogens. The bactericidal activity of cefditoren results from the inhibition of cell wall synthesis via affinity for penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs). Common adverse reactions include diarrhea, nausea and candida vaginitis. Co-administration of a single dose of an antacid which contained both magnesium (800 mg) and aluminum (900 mg) hydroxides or co-administration of a single dose of intravenously administered famotidine (20 mg) reduced the oral absorption of a single 400 mg dose of cefditoren pivoxil administered following a meal. Co-administration of probenecid with cefditoren pivoxil resulted in an increase in the plasma exposure of cefditoren.

Delavirdine is a nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI). Delavirdine binds directly to reverse transcriptase (RT) and blocks RNA-dependent and DNA-dependent DNA polymerase activities. Delavirdine does not compete with template:primer or deoxynucleoside triphosphates. HIV-2 RT and human cellular DNA polymerases alfa, gamma, or delta are not inhibited by delavirdine. In addition, HIV-1 group O, a group of highly divergent strains that are uncommon in North America, may not be inhibited by delavirdine. Delavirdine is marketed under the trade name Rescriptor, indicated for the treatment of HIV-1 infection in combination with at least 2 other active antiretroviral agents when therapy is warranted. .