Dequalinium salicylate is a bisquanternary quinolinium antiseptic which kills many gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Dequalinium Salicylate have antibacterial (mediated by Dequalinium action) and anti-inflammatory activities (mediated by Salicylic acid action). Dequalinium has an antiseptic effect against a wide range of bacteria, yeasts, and some fungi and viruses. It kills the micro-organisms associated with various mild infections of the mouth and throat. Salicylic acid have direct anti-inflammatory activity mediated by inhibition of both types of cyclo-oxygenases (COX-1 and COX-2) to decrease the formation of precursors of prostaglandins and thromboxanes from arachidonic acid.

Fluthiacet-methyl, an isourazole herbicide is applied to actively growing weeds in soybeans to control annual broadleaf weeds. Fluthiacet-methyl induced the accumulation of protoporphyrin IX in cotyledons of cotton and inhibited chlorophyll biosynthesis in cotyledons of velvetleaf and cotton.

Primisulfuron-methyl is a urea herbicide that is used on crop and non- crop areas for the control of grass weeds and many kinds of broad-leaved weeds. Primisulfuron-methyl is a selective postemergence systemic herbicide that is rapidly absorbed by plants and transported throughout the plant roots and foliage. The herbicide works by blocking cell growth in the active growing regions of the plant. Primisulfuron-methyl is practically non-toxic by ingestion, with a reported oral LD50 of greater than 5050 mg/kg in rats. Primisulfuron-methyl is practically nontoxic to wildfowl. Both bobwhite quail and mallard ducks show a high tolerance for the compound. Primisulfuron-methyl is of low to moderate persistence in the soil environment, with a field half-life of from 4 to 60 days. A representative value is estimated to be about 30 days.

Chlorpyrifos-methyl is a broad-spectrum organophosphorous insecticide and potential toxic pollutant widely used in agriculture and effective against a wide range of insect pests in commercial importance crops. Chlorpyrifos-methyl have endocrine disruption activity, especially anti-androgenic effects and Chlorpyrifos-methyl administration leads to hepatotoxicity and neurotoxicity in mammals. The fish exposed to chlorpyrifos-methyl exhibited behavioral changes in the form of neurotoxin toxicity: less general activity than control group, loss of equilibrium, erratic swimming and staying motionless at a certain location

2-Amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) is a mutagenic and carcinogenic heterocyclic amine formed during ordinary cooking, and is subsequently metabolically activated by cytochrome P4501A2 (CYP1A2) and N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2). PhIP has been used in trials studying the basic science of Pancreas Cancer.

9-(N-methyl-L-isoleucine)-cyclosporin A (NIM-811, SDZ 811) is a cyclosporin A analog that is completely devoid of immunosuppressive capacity but exhibits potent and selective anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) activity. NIM-811 interferes at two stages of the viral replication cycle: (i) translocation of the preintegration complex to the nucleus and (ii) production of infectious virus particles. NIM-811 induces a concentration-dependent reduction of HCV RNA in the replicon cells with an IC50 of 0.66 uM at 48 h. NIM-811 blocks the mitochondrial permeability transition induced by calcium and inorganic phosphate. NIM-811 blocks cell killing and prevents in situ mitochondrial inner membrane permeabilization and depolarization during tumor necrosis factor-α–induced apoptosis to cultured rat hepatocytes.Novartis discontinued development of SDZ 811 as an oral therapy for hepatitis C and HIV-1 infections.

Cerium is a grey metal. It is little used because it tarnishes easily, reacts with water and burns when heated. Cerium is the major component of mischmetal alloy (just under 50%). The best-known use for this alloy is in ‘flints’ for cigarette lighters. This is because cerium will make sparks when struck. The only other element that does this is iron. Cerium(Ill) oxide has uses as a catalyst. It is used in the inside walls of self-cleaning ovens to prevent the build-up of cooking residues. It is also used in catalytic converters. Cerium(III) oxide nanoparticles are being studied as an additive for diesel fuel to help it burn more completely and reduce exhaust emissions. Cerium sulfide is a non-toxic compound that is a rich red color. It is used as a pigment. Cerium is also used in flat-screen TVs, low-energy light bulbs and floodlights. A cerium oxide nanoparticles (nanoceria) has a wide range of applications in different fields, especially biomedical division. As a matter of concern, it has a major impact on the human health and environment. Nanoceria was toxic towards human cancer cell lines. They can lead to the release of free radicals and oxidative stress ultimately leading to cell membrane damage and lipid peroxidation. However, ROS mediated DNA damage and cell cycle arrest. Finally, nanoceria can be used for several biomedical applications mostly for ROS related diseases like cardiac diseases, Alzheimer’s disease, and cancer. So, the ROS scavenging nanoceria can be considered as an alternative therapy for oxidative stress and several diseases and disorders.