Cobalamin (vitamin B12) is a cobalt-containing, B complex vitamin. B12 group (cobalamins) consist of cyanocobalamin, hydroxocobalamin, methylcobalamin and cobalamid. Neither plants nor animals are independently capable of constructing vitamin B12. Only bacteria and archaea have the enzymes required for its biosynthesis. Therefore, humans must absorb it from food. Excellent sources of B12 are foods of ruminant origin, so dairy and meat products play an important role in efforts to meet the official daily B12 intake. Vitamin B12 deficiency can potentially cause severe and irreversible damage, especially to the brain and nervous system. Vitamin B12 is used to treat vitamin B12 deficiency, including pernicious anemia.

Pastaron (Urea) is a waste product of many living organisms, and is the major organic component of human urine. It is a very important starting material in a number of chemical syntheses, and is used on an industrial scale for the manufacture of fertilizers, pharmaceuticals, and resins. Urea is an osmotic diuretic similar to mannitol but more irritant. Applied topically, urea promotes hydration of keratin and mild keratolysis in dry skin. It increases water uptake by the stratum corneum and has an antipruritic effect. Pastaron is used to soften rough or dry skin caused by skin conditions such as eczema, psoriasis, keratosis, and others.

Melatonin (5-methoxy N-acetyltryptamine) is a hormone synthesized and released from the pineal gland at night, which acts on specific high affinity G-protein coupled receptors to regulate various aspects of physiology and behaviour, including circadian and seasonal responses, and some retinal, cardiovascular and immunological functions. Melatonin is also made synthetically and available without a prescription as an over-the-counter (OTC) dietary supplement in the U.S. Melatonin supplementation has many uses, however, it has been widely studied for treatment of jet lag and sleep disorders. Parents may consider using melatonin to help their child who has a trouble falling asleep. A medical professional should always evaluate insomnia or other sleeping disorders in children. Additionally, melatonin has been shown to protect against oxidative stress in various, highly divergent experimental systems. There are many reasons for its remarkable protective potential. In mammals, melatonin binds to a number of receptor subtypes including high-affinity (MT1 and MT2) and low-affinity (MT3, nuclear orphan receptors) binding sites, which are distributed throughout the central nervous system and periphery.

Beta-alanine is an endogenous agonist of glycine receptor, which is used a supplementation among competitive athletes participating in a range of different sports. Beta-alanine has been shown to enhance muscular endurance and its supplementation appears to be most effective for exercise tasks that rely heavily on ATP synthesis from anaerobic glycolysis.

Bilirubin is an orange-yellow pigment made during the normal breakdown of red blood cells. Bilirubin passes through the liver and is excreted out of the body. Occasionally, higher bilirubin levels may indicate an increased rate of destruction of red blood cells (hemolysis). A high level of bilirubin in the blood is called hyperbilirubinemia. High bilirubin levels can cause jaundice. Jaundice makes the skin and the whites of the eyes appear yellow, due to the brown and yellow bilirubin in the blood. Phototherapy for neonatal is one of the treatment methods against hyperbilirubinemia. Light absorption by bilirubin in the skin transforms the native Z,Z-bilirubin to conformational photoisomers Z,E-bilirubin and E,Z-bilirubin and structural photoisomers E,Z-lumirubin and E,E-lumirubin. Formation and excretion of Z,E-bilirubin and E,Z-lumirubin are both important routes of elimination of bilirubin through bile and urine, although the precise contributions of the various photoisomers to the overall elimination of bilirubin are still unknown.

Estriol (E3), also spelled oestriol, is a steroid, a weak agonist of the estrogen receptors ERα and ERβ., and a minor female sex hormone. According to in vitro study, the relative binding affinity (RBA) of estriol for the human ERα and ERβ was 11.3% and 17.6% of that estradiol, respectively, and the relative transactivational capacity of estrone at the ERα and ERβ was 10.6% and 16.6% of that of estradiol, respectively. Estriol is marketed widely in Europe and elsewhere throughout the world under the brand names Ovestin, Ortho-Gynest, and a variety of others. It is available in oral tablet, vaginal cream, and vaginal suppository form, and is used in menopausal hormone therapy for the treatment of menopausal symptoms. Estriol is also available in some countries as estriol succinate (brand name Synapause), a dosage-equivalent ester prodrug of estriol. Estriol and estriol succinate are not approved for use in the United States and Canada, although they have been produced and sold by compounding pharmacies in North America for use as a component of bioidentical hormone therapy. Estriol can be measured in maternal blood or urine and can be used as a marker of fetal health and well-being. If levels of unconjugated estriol (uE3 or free estriol) are abnormally low in a pregnant woman, this may indicate chromosomal or congenital anomalies like Down syndrome or Edward's syndrome. It is included as part of the triple test and quadruple test for antenatal screening for fetal anomalies.

Arachidic acid, also known as eicosanoic, is a component of wild soybean. It is a saturated fatty acid, which is used for the production of detergents and lubricants, and was discovered to modulate expression of cyclooxygenase-2, an enzyme pivotal to skin inflammation and reparation.