2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) was the first synthetic herbicide to be commercially developed and has commonly been used as a broadleaf herbicide for over 60 years. It is a selective herbicide that kills dicots without affecting monocots and mimics natural auxin at the molecular level. 2,4-D was developed during World War II as one of many so-called phenoxy herbicides by aiming to increase crop yields for a nation at war. It was commercially released in 1946 becoming the first successful selective herbicide and allowed for greatly enhanced weed control in wheat, maize, rice, and other similar cereal crops because it specifically targets dicots. This herbicide family is said to have “initiated an agricultural revolution and laid the corner stone of present-day weed science” when it was first marketed in the 1940s.

Valnemulin (marketed under the trade name Econor) is a pleuromutilin antibiotic used to treat swine dysentery, ileitis, colitis and pneumonia. It is approved for veterinary use only. Valnemulin is an antibiotic belonging to the pleuromutilin group, which acts by the inhibition of the initiation of protein synthesis at the level of the bacterial ribosome. Valnemulin has activity against a range of bacteria including those responsible for enteric and respiratory disease in pigs. Valnemulin shows high activity against Mycoplasma spp. and spirochaetes such as Brachyspira hyodysenteriae and Brachyspira pilosicoli. Valnemulin has little activity against Enterobacteriaceae, such as Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli. There appears to be no resistance development to valnemulin to date by M. hyopneumoniae and L. intracellularis. There have been some increases of MICs of valnemulin against B. hyodysenteriae and to a lesser degree B. pilosicoli, some of which appear to have developed resistance. Valnemulin binds to the ribosome and inhibits bacterial protein synthesis. Resistance development primarily occurs because of changes at the binding site associated with mutations of the ribosomal DNA genes. Econor 10% and 50% is indicated for: The treatment and prevention of swine dysentery. The treatment of clinical signs of porcine proliferative enteropathy (ileitis). The prevention of clinical signs of porcine colonic spirochaetosis (colitis) when the disease has been diagnosed in the herd. Treatment and prevention of swine enzootic pneumonia. At the recommended dosage of 10 - 12 mg/kg bodyweight lung lesions and weight loss are reduced, but infection with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is not eliminated. Econor 0.5% and 1% is indicated: For the treatment and prevention of swine dysentery. The treatment of clinical signs of porcine proliferative enteropathy (ileitis). The prevention of clinical signs of porcine colonic spirochaetosis (colitis) when the disease has been diagnosed in the herd.

Ammonium phenolsulfonate is an ingredient of deodorant, possesses antimicrobial properties to help the inhibition of the growth of microorganism of the skin. In addition, some studies were shown, that that ammonium para-hydroxy phenyl arsonate when used with phenolsulfonates in a concentration of 0.0238% in the drinking water was effective in the prevention of hemorrhage in chicks.

An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. Papaverine is a vasodilating agent. Papaverine is used for the treating certain conditions that are accompanied by smooth muscle spasms (eg, blood vessel, urinary, gallbladder, or intestinal spasm). Papaverine is a nonxanthine phosphodiesterase inhibitor for the relief of cerebral and peripheral ischemia associated with arterial spasm and myocardial ischemia complicated by arrhythmias. The main actions of Papaverine are exerted on cardiac and smooth muscle. Like qathidine, Papaverine acts directly on the heart muscle to depress conduction and prolong the refractory period. Papaverine relaxes various smooth muscles. This relaxation may be prominent if spasm exists. The muscle cell is not paralyzed by Papaverine and still responds to drugs and other stimuli causing contraction. The antispasmodic effect is a direct one, and unrelated to muscle innervation. Papaverine is practically devoid of effects on the central nervous system. Papaverine relaxes the smooth musculature of the larger blood vessels, especially coronary, systemic peripheral, and pulmonary arteries. Papaverine is a potent, specific inhibitor of PDE10A. Papaverine for treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED) is excluded from coverage.

HYDROXYETHYLETHYLENEDIAMINETRIACETIC ACID (HEDTA) is used in cosmetics and care products. It’s a chelating agent, which in combination with selenium was effective in reducing the concentration of Al and level of DNA damage. In addition, experiments with rodents have shown that combination of HEDTA and propolis preserved histological features, mitigated oxidative stress and improved liver, kidney, and brain functions more profoundly.

Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is a colorles, highly toxic gas with a choking or suffocating odor. It is used as a pharmaceutical aid and antioxidant. It reacts easily with other substances to form harmful compounds, such as sulfuric acid, sulfurous acid and sulfate particles. About 99% of the sulfur dioxide in air comes from human sources. The main source of sulfur dioxide in the air is industrial activity that processes materials that contain sulfur, eg the generation of electricity from coal, oil or gas that contains sulfur. Some mineral ores also contain sulfur, and sulfur dioxide is released when they are processed. In addition, industrial activities that burn fossil fuels containing sulfur can be important sources of sulfur dioxide. Sulfur dioxide affects human health when it is breathed in. It irritates the nose, throat, and airways to cause coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, or a tight feeling around the chest. The effects of sulfur dioxide are felt very quickly and most people would feel the worst symptoms in 10 or 15 minutes after breathing it in. Sulfur dioxide is used to increase the storage life and preserve the color and flavor of fruits and vegetables and as a disinfectant in breweries, wineries and food factories. It prevents the formation of nitroamines in beer and reduces free chlorine after water treatment. It is used as a bleaching agent in the textile, paper pulp, wool and fresh produce industries and as a fumigant for grain and against lice and mites in veterinary practice. It also serves as a chemical intermediate in the manufacture of chlorine dioxide, sodium sulfate, thionyl chloride and organic sulfonates. It is used as a reducing agent of iron in mineral processing, as a cleaning agent for metallic oxides, as an oxidizing agent in lithium batteries, as an oxygen scavenger and extractive solvent in petroleum refining, in glass manufacture and as a neutralizing agent. SO2 can be generated endogenously in mammals. In contrast to the toxic effects of SO2, protective effects have also been found in mammals. Endogenous SO2 has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-hypertension, and anti-atherogenic effects and regulates vascular tone and cardiac function in mammals. SO2 may have a dual role in regulating physiological and pathophysiological effects in mammals. Studies have shown that SO2 can also regulate levels of lipid metabolism. In male Sprague–Dawley rats on a normal or a high cholesterol diet, inhalation of 5 ppm and 10 ppm SO2 gas (for 14 days) increased plasma triglyceride levels and decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. However, in rats treated with a high cholesterol diet for 8 weeks, plasma total cholesterol increased and high-density lipoproteincholesterol decreased. After treatment with an SO2 donor the plasma levels of triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were markedly decreased. In addition, the SO2 donor significantly decreased atherosclerotic lesions. These data suggest that SO2 regulates lipid metabolism. The mechanism may be related to upregulation of the disturbed endogenous H2S pathway, increased plasma glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, aortic tissue SOD1 and SOD2 protein expression, and decreased malondialdehyde generation. The antioxidant effect of SO2 might involve one of these mechanisms, which could directly prevent the progression of atherosclerotic lesions. Sulfur dioxide and its derivatives have significant vasodilatory effects. SO2 decreased systolic blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats which may be related to its vasorelaxing effect. Compared with exogenous SO2 vasoactive effects, it was discovered that endogenous SO2 had an important vasorelaxing function which is necessary for maintaining normal blood vascular tone.

Aluminum Stearate (C54H105AlO6) exists as white powder and is an aluminum salt of stearic acid. In the pharmaceutical industry, it is used as an anticaking agent; colorant; emulsion stabilizer; and viscosity increasing agent. According to the FDA, aluminum stearate is considered safe for general or specific, limited use in food. Aluminum stearate is not classifiable as a human carcinogen (cancer-causing agent).

Trenbolone is an anabolic steroid. It is used on livestock to increase muscle growth and appetite. Trenbolone compounds have a binding affinity for the androgen receptor three times as high as that of testosterone. Once metabolized, the drugs have the effect of increasing nitrogen uptake by muscles, leading to an increase in the rate of protein synthesis. It also has the secondary effects of stimulating appetite, reducing the amount of fat being deposited in the body, and decreasing the rate of catabolism. Short-term side effects include insomnia, high blood pressure, increased aggression, night sweats, and libido.