U.S. Department of Health & Human Services Divider Arrow National Institutes of Health Divider Arrow NCATS

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Showing 41 - 50 of 34777 results

Voclosporin (Lupkynis™) is an oral calcineurin inhibitor immunosuppressant that is being developed by Aurinia Pharmaceuticals. Voclosporin is an analogue of cyclosporine with a modification at the amino acid-1 position. The drug has been designed to show improved potency against calcineurin inhibition and better metabolic stability than cyclosporine. Although the exact mechanism of voclosporin is not yet clear, it inhibits calcineurin, thereby blocking lymphocyte proliferation and T-cell mediated immune responses, as well as increasing podocyte integrity in the kidney. In January 2021, based on positive results from the pivotal phases II and III trials, oral voclosporin received its first approval in the USA for use in combination with a background immunosuppressive therapy regimen for adults with active lupus nephritis. Voclosporin is also being explored for the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in kidney transplant recipients. Clinical evaluation of voclosporin for plaque psoriasis, coronary artery restenosis and rheumatoid arthritis has been discontinued and no recent development for prevention of renal transplant rejection has been identified since 2015.
Avacopan (CCX-168) an orally administered selective and potent complement 5a receptor inhibitor. Avacopan blocked the C5a binding, C5a-mediated migration, calcium mobilization, and CD11b upregulation in U937 cells as well as in freshly isolated human neutrophils. Avacopan is being developed for inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
Trilaciclib (Cosela™) is a small-molecule, short-acting, inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) 4 and 6 developed by G1 Therapeutics for its myeloprotection and potential antitumor efficacy and safety benefits in combination with cancer chemotherapy. CDKs govern cell cycle progression, and trilaciclib induces a transient, reversible G1 cell cycle arrest of proliferating haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells in bone marrow, thus protecting them from damage during chemotherapy. In February 2021, trilaciclib received its first approval in the USA to decrease the incidence of chemotherapy-induced myelosuppression in adult patients when administered prior to a platinum/etoposide-containing regimen or topotecan-containing regimen for extensive-stage small cell lung cancer (ES-SCLC). Clinical studies in breast cancer, colorectal cancer and small cell lung cancer are underway in several countries.

Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (ACHIRAL)



Tepotinib is an investigational small molecule inhibitor of the c-Met receptor tyrosine kinase. Alterations of the c-Met signaling pathway are found in various cancer types and correlate with aggressive tumor behavior and poor clinical prognosis. Tepotinib is a potent and selective c-Met inhibitor, >200-fold selective for c-Met than IRAK4, TrkA, Axl, IRAK1, and Mer. Tepotinib is currently in Phase I/II trials in liver cancer and lung cancer.
MK-8031 (also known as Atogepant) is piperidinonylcarboxamideazaindane derivative patented by Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp as CGRP receptor antagonist useful for prevention and treatment of Migraine. A press release in June 2018 announced positive results for MK-8031, in a Phase 2 trial of daily use for episodic migraine prevention. MK-8031appeared to show good efficacy in migraine prevention and no significant liver toxicity signal at any dose despite daily dosing for 3 months. Phase III clinical trial was initiated in 2019 and currently in progress.
Maralixibat (Livmarli™) is a potent, apical, sodium‐dependent, bile acid transporter competitive inhibitor with minimal systemic absorption being developed by Mirum Pharmaceuticals for the treatment of rare cholestatic liver diseases including Alagille syndrome (ALGS), progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC) and biliary atresia. Maralixibat received its first approval on 29 September 2021, in the USA, for use in the treatment of cholestatic pruritus in patients with ALGS 1 year of age and older. Maralixibat is also under regulatory review for ALGS in Europe, and clinical development for cholestatic liver disorders including ALGS in patients under 1 year of age, PFIC and biliary atresia is continuing in several other countries. This article summarises the milestones in the development of maralixibat leading to this first approval for ALGS.

Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (ACHIRAL)


Conditions:

Vericiguat, discovered at Bayer, is the first soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) stimulator. Vericiguat is currently being studied in a Phase III clinical program for the treatment of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF).
Finerenone (Kerendia®), a first-in-class, orally administered, selective, nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (MRA), is being developed by Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals for the treatment of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) and heart failure (HF), including chronic HF (CHF). Finerenone blocks MR mediated sodium reabsorption and MR overactivation in both epithelial (e.g., kidney) and nonepithelial (e.g., heart, and blood vessels) tissues. MR overactivation is thought to contribute to fibrosis and inflammation. Finerenone has a high potency and selectivity for the MR and has no relevant affinity for androgen, progesterone, estrogen, and glucocorticoid receptors. Finerenone has been approved in the USA to reduce the risk of sustained estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) decline, end stage renal disease (ESRD), cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI), and hospitalization for HF in adults with chronic kidney disease (CKD) associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Finerenone is undergoing regulatory assessment in the EU and in China. A phase III trial is investigating finerenone in patients who have HF with preserved ejection fraction.
Cabotegravir is an investigational drug that is being studied for the treatment and prevention of HIV infection. Cabotegravir belongs to a class (group) of HIV drugs called integrase inhibitors. Integrase inhibitors block an HIV enzyme called integrase. (An enzyme is a protein that starts or increases the speed of a chemical reaction.) By blocking integrase, integrase inhibitors prevent HIV from multiplying and can reduce the amount of HIV in the body. Cabotegravir does not require boosting with an additional drug. Two forms of cabotegravir are being studied: tablets that are taken by mouth (known as oral cabotegravir or oral CAB) and a long-acting injectable form that is injected into the muscle (known as cabotegravir LA or CAB LA; LA stands for "long-acting"). (A long-acting drug formulation works over a long period of time. Using this type of drug might mean that the drug could be taken less often, making a treatment or prevention regimen simpler to take.) Cabotegravir is in Phase-III clinical trials for HIV infections.

Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (ABSOLUTE)



OTL-38 (OTL-0038, Pafolacianine), a fluorescent-labelled folate receptor-α (FRα) targeted imaging agent that accumulates in vivo in tumor cells expressing FR. In 2014, the OTL-38 molecule was granted orphan drug status which can be given to the maker of a drug that treats rare conditions or diseases and offers protection from competition for a period of time. OTL-38 under the brand name Cytalux was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on 29 November 2021, as an additional approach that can be used to identify malignant lesions and to ensure the total resection of the tumors in ovarian cancer patients. Cytalux is a fluorescent drug that targets folate receptor which may be overexpressed in ovarian cancer. Pafolacianine binds to FR-expressing cancer cells with ~1 nM affinity, internalizes via receptor mediated endocytosis, and concentrates in FR-positive cancer tissues. Pafolacianine absorbs light in the near-infrared region within a range of 760 nm to 785 nm with peak absorption of 776 nm and emits fluorescence within a range of 790 nm to 815 nm with a peak emission of 796 nm.