U.S. Department of Health & Human Services Divider Arrow National Institutes of Health Divider Arrow NCATS

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Showing 41 - 50 of 13268 results

Eluxadoline, an orally active mixed μ opioid receptor (μOR) agonist δ opioid receptor (δOR) antagonist. Eluxadoline normalizes gastrointestinal (GI) transit and defecation under conditions of novel environment stress or post-inflammatory altered GI function. Allergan (previously Actavis) is developing eluxadoline for the treatment of diarrhoea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. The agent was originated by Janssen Pharmaceutica. Eluxadoline has been launched in the US under trade name VIBERZI (eluxadoline) tablets, while is at the preregistration stage in the EU.
Cariprazine is an antipsychotic approved by FDA for the treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar I disorder. The drug has a unique clinical action which is explained by its ability to act on dopamine D3 receptors. Pharmacology studies revealed that cariprazine is a dual partial agonist of dopamine D2 and D3 receptors as well as serotonin 5HT1a, 2a and 2b receptors.
Ixazomib (trade name Ninlaro) is a drug for the treatment of multiple myeloma in adults after at least one prior therapy, in combination with lenalidomide and dexamethasone. It is taken by mouth in form of capsules. Common side effects include diarrhea, constipation and low platelet count. Like the older bortezomib (which can only be given by injection), it acts as a proteasome inhibitor, has orphan drug status in the US and Europe. At therapeutic concentrations, ixazomib selectively and reversibly inhibits the protein proteasome subunit beta type-5 (PSMB5) with a dissociation half-life of 18 minutes. This mechanism is the same as of bortezomib, which has a much longer dissociation half-life of 110 minutes; the related drug carfilzomib, by contrast, blocks PSMB5 irreversibly. Proteasome subunits beta type-1 and type-2 are only inhibited at high concentrations reached in cell culture models. PSMB5 is part of the 20S proteasome complex and has enzymatic activity similar to chymotrypsin. It induces apoptosis, a type of programmed cell death, in various cancer cell lines. A synergistic effect of ixazomib and lenalidomide has been found in a large number of myeloma cell lines. The medication is taken orally as a prodrug, ixazomib citrate, which is a boronic ester; this ester rapidly hydrolyzes under physiological conditions to its biologically active form, ixazomib, a boronic acid. Absolute bioavailability is 58%, and highest blood plasma concentrations of ixazomib are reached after one hour. Plasma protein binding is 99%.
Cangrelor is a P2Y12 inhibitor that has been approved as an antiplatelet drug. It is marketed in the US under the brand name Kengreal and in Europe as Kengrexal. Cangrelor is an intravenous, direct-acting reversible P2Y12 inhibitor for patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention.
Flibanserin is the first drug to be approved for hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) in premenopausal women by the FDA in August 2015. It was originally developed as an antidepressant medication by Boehringer Ingelheim, but showed lack of efficacy in trials and was further developed as a hypoactive sexual disorder drug by Sprout Pharmaceuticals. Flibanserin's mechanism of action is attributed to its high affinity for 5-HTA1 and 5-HTA2 receptors, displaying agonist activity on 5-HTA1 and antagonist on 5-HTA2, resulting in lowering of serotonin in the brain as well as an effect on increasing norepinephrine and dopamine neurotransmitters. Flibansetrin has high affinity for serotonin receptors in the brain: it acts as an agonist on 5-HT1A and an antagonist on 5-HT2A. In vivo, flibanserin binds equally to 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors. However, under higher levels of brain 5-HT (i.e., under stress), flibanserin may occupy 5-HT2A receptors in higher proportion than 5-HT(1A) receptors. It may also moderately antagonize D4 (dopamine) receptors and 5-HT2B and 5-HTB2C. Its action on neurotransmitter receptors may contribute to reduction in serotonin levels and increase in dopamine and norepinephrine levels, all of which may play part in reward processing. Flibanserin is sold under the trade name Addyi and indicated for the treatment of premenopausal women with acquired, generalized hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) as characterized by low sexual desire that causes marked distress or interpersonal difficulty.
Olodaterol is a beta2-adrenoceptor agonist discovered by Boehringer Ingelheim and approved for the treatment of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. The compound exerts its pharmacological effects by binding and activation of beta2-adrenoceptors after inhalation. Activation of these receptors in the airways results in a stimulation of intracellular adenyl cyclase, an enzyme that mediates the synthesis of cyclic-3’, 5’ adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Elevated levels of cAMP induce bronchodilation by relaxation of airway smooth muscle cells. Olodaterol effect lasts for 24 hours.

Class (Stereo):
CHEMICAL (ABSOLUTE)



Eliglustat, marketed by Genzyme as CERDELGA, is a glucosylceramide synthase inhibitor indicated for the long-term treatment of type 1 Gaucher disease who are CYP2D6 extensive metabolizers, intermediate metabolizers, or poor metabolizers (PMs) as detected by an FDA-cleared test.
Apremilast (brand name Otezla) selective inhibitor of phosphodiesterase 4 is used for the treatment of patients with moderate to severe plaque psoriasis. OTEZLA is the first and only PDE4 inhibitor approved for the treatment of plaque psoriasis, a chronic inflammatory disease of the skin resulting from an uncontrolled immune response. Apremilast also inhibits spontaneous production of TNF-alpha from human rheumatoid synovial cells. It has anti-inflammatory activity. By inhibiting PDE-4, apremilast increases intracellular levels of cAMP and thereby inhibits the production of multiple proinflammatory mediators including PDE-4, TNF-alpha, interleukin-2 (IL-2), interferon-gamma, leukotrienes, and nitric oxide synthase.
Vilanterol (INN, USAN) is an ultra-long-acting β2 adrenoreceptor agonist (ultra-LABA), which was approved in May 2013 in combination with fluticasone furoate for sale as Breo Ellipta by GlaxoSmithKline for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Its pharmacological effect is attributable to stimulation of intracellular adenylyl cyclase which catalyzes the conversion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to cyclic-3’,5’-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Increases in cyclic AMP are associated with relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle and inhibition of release of hypersensitivity mediators from mast cells in the lungs. Vilanterol is available in following combinations: a) with inhaled corticosteroid fluticasone furoate — fluticasone furoate/vilanterol (trade names Breo Ellipta , Relvar Ellipta; b) with muscarinic antagonist umeclidinium bromide — umeclidinium bromide/vilanterol (trade name Anoro Ellipta).
Umeclidinium (used as a bromide salt) is a long-acting, antimuscarinic antagonist, often referred to as an anticholinergic, developed for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (alone and in combination with Vilanterol - long-acting beta2-adrenergic agonist). Umeclidinium has similar affinity to the subtypes of muscarinic receptors M1 to M5 with Ki values of 0.16 nM, 0.15 nM, 0.06 nM, 0.05 nM and 0.13 nM for M1, M2, M3, M4 and M5, respectively. Umeclidinium is selective against mAChR over other unrelated receptors or channels such as κ and σ opiod receptors, Na+ channel and dopamine transporter. In the airways, it exhibits pharmacological effects through the inhibition of M3 receptor at the smooth muscle leading to bronchodilation. There is potential for an additive interaction with concomitantly used anticholinergic medicines.